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CORNELL  UNIVERSiry.    ' 


SYLLABUS 


OF  A 


COURSE  OF  THIRTY  LECTURES 


ON  THE 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE  DURING  THE 
SEVENTEENTH  CENTUl^Y 


BY 


H.  MORSE  STEPHENS. 


ITHACA : 
ANDRUS  &  CHURCH. 


TABIvE   OF   CONTENTS. 

LECTURES/  Page. 

I.  ^^uropein  1600, i 

II.     The  Policy  of  Henry  IV  of  France, 2 

III.  The  Thirty  Years'  War :    To  the  Death   of  Gustavus 

Adolphus,^Vk<5t  *J  U  oAxv^tovi 4 

IV.  The  Policy  of  Richelieu, 7 

V.     The  Thirty  Years' War  :  From  1634.  to  1648, 10 

VI.     The  Treaties  of  Westphalia, 12 

VII.     The  Fronde  and  the  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenees, 14 

VIII.     Europe  in  the  Middle  of  the  17th  Century  :   i.  France,  17 

IX.     Europe  in  the  Middle  of  the  17th  Century  :   2.  The  Em- 
pire, the  House  of  Austria  and  the  German  Princes,  19 

Europe  in   the  Middle  of  the   17th  Century  :  3.  The 

Netherlands, 22 


X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 
XV. 

XVI. 


Europe  in  the  Middle  of  the  17th  Century  :  4.  Swe- 
den and  Denmark, 24 

Europe  in  the  Middle  of  the  17th  Century  :  5.  Russia 
and  Poland, 26 

Europe  in  the  Middle  of  the  17th  Century  :  6.  The  Ot- 
toman Turks, .    .        28 

Europe  in  the  Middle  of  the  17th  Century  :  7.  Italy,  .      30 

Europe  in  the  Middle  of  the  17th  Century  :  8.  Spain 


and  Portugal, 33 

France  under  Louis  XIV,  and  Colbert :  To  the  Revoca- 
tion of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  1685, 36 

XVII.     The  Foreign  Policy  of  Louis  XIV  :  To  the  Treaties  of 

'^v^n^ictt,  Nywwege»ri678, 38 

XVIII.     Prussia  under  the  Great  Elector, 41 

XIX.     The  Foreign  Policy  of  Louis  XIV  :  To  the  Treaties  of 

Ryswick,  1697, 44 


''5114 


IV  — 

Page. 
XX.     The  Siege  of  Vienna  l^y  tlie  Turks,  1683  :  Poland  un- 
der John  vSobieski,     47 

XXI.     Russia  under  Peter  the  Great, 50 

XXII.     Charles  XII  of  Sweden, 53 

^M  XXIII.     The  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession, 55 

^^-  XXIV.     The  Treaties  of  Utrecht,            60 

^^   XXV.     Germany  fe  1715, 63 

27  XXVI.     The  Southern  Countries  of  Europe  I?  17 15, 68 

a   f]  XXVII.     The  Papacy  in  the  17th  Century  :  The  Jesuits  and  the 

Jansenists, 71 

2/    XXVIII.     The  last  years  of  the  Reign  of  Louis  XIV  :  France  in 

J                             1715, 74 

7^     XXIX.     Literature  and  Philosophy  in  the  17th  Century,     ...  78 

XXX.     Art  and  Science  in  the  17th  Century 80 


Appendices  : 83-92 

i.     The  Rulers  of  Europe  from   1600  to  1714.     The  Great 
Powers. 

ii.     The  Rulers  of  Europe  from  1600  to  17 14.     The  Lesser 
Powers, 

iii.     The  Rulers  of  Europe  from  1600  to  17 14.     The  Italian 
Sovereigns. 

iv.     The  Rulers  of  Europe  from  1600  to  17 14.     The  German 
Electors. 

V.     Genealogical  Table  representing  the  relationship  of  the 
claimants  to  the  Spanish  Succession, 


MODERN  EUROPEAN  HISTORY. 


LECTURE    I. 


EUROPE  IN  1600. 

The  first  half  of  the  17th  century/marked  by  the  same 
characteristics  as  the  last  half  of  the  i6'th,  but  the  first  traces 
of  the  modern  European  system,  established  by  the  Treaties 
of  Westphalia  and  the  Pyrenees,  to  be  seen  in  the  policy 
pursued  by  Henry  IV  of  France  and  Cardinal  Richelieu. 

The  period  covered  by  the  i6th  and  first  half  of  the  17th 
century  a  period  of  transition,  from  the  ferment  created  by 
the  Reformation,  the  discovery  of  the  New  World  and  of 
the  direct  sea  route  to  Asia,  the  invention  of  printing,  etc. , 
to  the  settled  system  which  lasted  from  the  Treaties  of  West- 
phalia to  the  French  Revolution. 

The  characteristic  features  of  this  transition  period  are  the 
Wars  of  Religion. 

Causes  of  the  Wars  of  Religion  :  the  earnestness  imparted 
by  the  Reformation  supplemented  by  the  work  of  the  Counter- 
Reformation  :  so  that  war  and  persecution  came  to  be  con- 
sidered a  religious  duty  :  religious  intolerance  among  earnest 
men  matched  by  the  unscrupulous  conduct  of  politicians. 

During  the  Wars  of  Religion  the  sense  of  National  Unity 
began  to  be  felt,  binding  peoples  by  their  countries  rather 
than  their  faiths  :  in  this  way  the  Wars  of  Religion  helped 
to  throw  off  the  burden  of  feudalism. 

Different  effects  of  the  Wars  of  Religion  in  different  coun- 
tries, e.g.,  (i)  in  the  Netherlands,  (2)  in  France,  (3)  in 
Germany. 

Tendency  toward  strong  government  and  standing  armies 
to  avert  the  horrors  of  religious  and  civil  wars  :  France  be- 


ing  the  first  country  to  obey  this  tendency  becomes  the  most 
important  nation  in  Europe  during  the  first  half  of  the  1 7th 
century. 

Where  the  national  spirit  developed,  countries  became 
strong  in  spite  of  religious  internal  differences,  e.  g. ,  France, 
England,  the  United  Provinces. 

Relative  position  of  the  powers  of  Europe  to  each  other 
in  1600. 

The  condition  of  Germany  r  unsatisfactory  settlement  made 
of  the  religious  question  by  the  Peace  of  Augsburg  :  the 
pretensions  and  actual  strength  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  ; 
the  electors,  and  princes  of  the  Empire  :  certainty  of  further 
religious  war  in  Germany. 

The  Papacy  :  its  increased  spiritual  strength  from  the 
Counter- Reformation  and  the  rise  of  the  Jesuits. 

In  the  year  1600,  though  religious  war  impends  in  Germany 
owing  to  German  conditions,  it  is  practically  at  its  close  else- 
where, for  Henry  IV  has  just  issued  the  Edict  of  Nantes, 
Philip  II  of  Spain  is  just  dead,  and  Elizabeth  of  England 
is  at  the  very  end  of  her  reign. 


LECTURE    II. 


THE  POLICY  OF  HENRY  IV  OE  FRANCE. 


The  character  and  early  career  of  Henry  IV.  Ut^^  ISSl  ^MU^  '/\cUf«>Mt 

His  part  in  the  Religious  Wars  in  France. 

He  claims  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Henry  III  (1589), 
and  struggles  as  Huguenot  leader  against  the  Catholics. 

He  adopts  the  Catholic  religion  (1593),  and  becomes  a 
national  king. 


—  3  — 

He  issues  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (13  April,  1598),  and  thus 
pacifies  the  Huguenots:    terms  of  the  Edict. 

His  war  with  PhiUp  II  of  Spain,  concluded  by  the  Treaty 
of  Vervins  (2  May,  1598). 

The  internal  policy  of  Henry  IV,  as  worked  out  by  the 
Due  de  Sully.  '  /^s,\  ..^  /^  (J^  ^  rC.ji  ^^^ 

/.   His  absolutism  in  government,  justified  by  the  turbu- 
lence and  want  of  patriotism  of  the  nobles,  as 
shown  in  the  I,eague ;  execution  of  Biron   (31 
July,    1602). 
it.  His  administrative  reforms. 
ui.  His  judicial  reforms  :  makes  seats  in  the  Parlements 

hereditary. 
zv.  His  financial  reforms. 

V.  His  advancement  of  the  material  prosperity  of  his 
people  : 
a.  by  encouraging  agriculture. 
d.  by  undertaking  public  works. 

c.  by  establishing  manufactures. 

d.  by  reviving  commerce.    " 

vz.  His  interest  in  trans- Atlantic  exploration  and  emi- 
gration :    foundation   of    Annapolis    (1604),    of 
Quebec  (1608). 
The  foreign  policy  of  Henry  IV  :  the  '  *  Great  Design  "  :  ' 
the  question  of  its  authenticity. 

Assassination  of  Henry  IV  at  Paris  by  Francois  Ravaillac 
(14  May,  1610). 

Effect  of  the  sudden  death  of  the  King  on  France  and  on 
Europe, 

Authorities  :  The  most  recent  SMAi^iy  book  on  the  life  of  Henry  IV 
is  a  biography  by  P.  F.  Willert  in  the  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations  "  series. 
'Phe  accounts  of  his  reign  in  the  small  histories  of  modern  Europe  by 
lector  Duruy  and  by  A.  Amniann  and  G.  Coutanceau  are  good,  and 
in  the  large  histories  of  France  by  Martin,  Michelet  and  by  Dai'este, 
birilUant  but  not  quite  up  toudate.  The  best  skcondary  authori- 
ties are  Poirson,  Histoiredu  rdgnede  Henri  ISf ,  ^voXs.i^Perrens,  Les 

2r 


—  4  — 

•<  manages  espagnols  sous  le  rdgue  de  Henri  IV  et  la  r^gence  de  Marie 

''         de  Medicis  and 'T/'Bglise  et  I'Btat  en  France  sous  le  regne  de  Henri  <i  "" 

IV  et  la  regence  de  Marie  de  Medicis  \fPhilippson,  Heinricli  IV  und''^ 
Philipp  III ;  *yfi(^.  i?^jfp*t,-Oeschiebte  der  DeutscMenr^nioi* ;  ^%4uquez,  ^, 
-^  gjHenri  IV  et  TAllemagne  ;  ^Rott,   Henri  IV,   les  Suisses  et  la  Haute 
"^      Italie,  WP//)/^/,  Edm.  Riclter  :  ^tude  sur  la  renovation  du  gallicanisnie 

au  commen^ment  du  XVII  ienie  Siecle,  2  vols.  \  ^^Jenrard,  Henri    fv^     ^(S) 

IV  et  la  princesse  de  Conde  ;  and  %Feret,  Henri  IV  et  I'Eglise  oat^-     (/ 

Uqu*  ;  see  also  the  essays  on  "  La  France  sous  Henri  IV"  in  Hano- 

taiiXy    Etudes   Historiques  sur  le   XVI^   et   le  XVIP  siecle,  and  on 

"Ravaillac  et  ses  complices"  in  Z<?z.!r^/^?/r,  Questions  historiques  du 

XVIP  siecle,  as  well  as  Vol.  i,  chap.  6  of  Les  Finances  fran^aises,  by 

the  Ballon  de  Nervo.     Short  excerpts  from  the  primary  authorities 

are  to  be  found  in  three  volumes  in  the  series  edited  by  B.  Zeller, 

Henri  IV  et  Sully,  Henri  IV  et  Biron,  and  La  Fin  de  Henri  IV.     The 

chief  PRIMARY  AUTHORITIES  are  the  various  collections  of  the  letters        ^  ^ 

of  Henry  IV,  including  the  Lettres  Missives  ed.  by  Berger  de  Xivrey,Ci/^y,U..^y}h4^ 

■**  vols.,v^nd  the  Correspondance  avec  Maurice  le  Savant,  ed.  by  de 

^Rommel,  Benoit,  Histoire  de  I'edit  de  Nantes,  5  vols.,  the  first  three' 

Yh  ,  /  volumes  of  'Pi.  Rit^er,  Bnefe  und  Acten  zur  Geschichte  des  Dreissig- 
/   jahrigen  Krieges,  jElie  Memoires  of    Villeroy^Agrippa  d' Aubigne  and 
De  T/iou, ^the    Memoires-journaux   of  L''^ttoile,    the    Chronologic 
novenaire';of_^/?W(7;  Cayet,  the  Negociations  o^  Jeannin,  the  Journal 
oi  Bassonipierre,  and  above  all,  the  Economies  royales,  or  Mpmnirr^/i,  1  .       1/ 

oi  Sully,  with  the  recent  criticisms  by  PJister  in  the  Revue  Historique, 
vols.  54,  55,  56. 

[Baolj^juarked  with  a  *  are  iwtrn  t h p  r T ti j y.y rt^^^ty, Jfibrary. ] 


LECTURE  III 


THE  THIRTY  YEARS'  WAR  :  TO  THE  DEATH  OF 
GUSTAVUS  ADOLPHUS. 

The  approach  of  renewed  religious  war  in  Germany  : 
changes  in  German  conditions  since  the  Peace  of  Augsburg 
(1555)  :  poHtical  effect  of  the  Reformation:  secularization 
of  ecclesiastical  estates. 


fnn/^c/th     ' 


I/,    <l^  r,.;  '  /Pl^yH.ti 


—  5  — 

The  spread  of  Calvinism  :  the  Ecclesiastical  Reservation  : 
the  Counter- Reformation. 

Forewarnings  of  the  war  :  ( i )  the  case  of  the  Elector  of 
Cologne  (1584)  ;  (2)  the  case  of  the  city  of  Aachen  (Aix- 
la  Chapelle),  (1589):  (3)  the  case  of  the  town  of  Donau- 
werth  (1607). 

Formation  of  the  Protestant  Union  (1608),  and  of  the 
Catholic  lycague  ( 1 609  ) . 

The  Emperor  and  his  political  position  in  German}^  :  the 
three  lay  electors,  Brandenburg,  Saxony,  and  the  Elector 
Palatine  :  the  three  ecclesiastical  electors  :  Mayence,  Cologne 
and  Treves  :  the  Duke  of  Bavaria. 

The  Emperor  as  head  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg  :  his 
position  in  Bohemia,  Austria  and  Hungary  :  the  Emperors 
Rudolf  II,  and  Matthias. 

The  succession  to  Juliers-Cleves  (1609),  and  interference 
of  Henry  IV  of  France,  and  the  Dutch. 

The  outbreak  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War  :  the  ' '  throwing 
from  the  windows  "  at  Prague  (23  May,  16 18)  :  accession 
of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  II  and  election  of  the  Elector 
Palatine  as  King  of  Bohemia  (1619)  :  the  battle  of  the  White 
Mountain  (8  Nov.,  1620),  and  occupation  of  the  Palatinate 
by  Spain:  Maximilian  of  Bavaria  made  Elector  (1623)  : 
triumph  of  the  Catholic  League^  1  uf-  -  ■  -  '7  /;  ^  -.^  ' 

Intervention  of  Christian  IV,  King  of  Denmark  (1625), 
to  the  aid  of  the  Protestants  :  Wallenstein  at  the  head  of  the 
Emperor's  army  :  the  siege  of  S^ralsund  :  Christian  IV  makes 
peace  at  Liibeck  (22  May,  162^).  7 

Height  of  the  Catholic  success  :  the  Emperor  Ferdinand 
issues  the  Edict  of  Restitution  (6  March,  1629)  :  Diet  of 
Ratisbon  (1630). 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  King  of  Sweden,  conies  to.  the  rescue 
of  Protestantism  :  he  conquers  Pomerania  (1630)  :  the  sack 
of  Magdeburg  by  Tilly  (May,  1631)  :  Brandenburg  and 
Saxony  join  Gustavus  Adolphus :  the  battle  of  Breitenfeld 
or  Eeipzig  (17  Sept.,  1631)  :  Gustavus  conquers  Bavaria  and 
takes    Munich  :    Gustavus   face   to   face  with  Wallenstein : 


Gustavus  Adolphus  killed  at  the  battle  of  lyiitzen  (i6  Nov., 
1632). 

The  character  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  :  his  military  genius  : 
the  Swedish  nation  and  army  :  his  political  schemes  :  the 
startling  changes  caused  by  his  intervention  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War,  and  his  death. 

Assassination  of  Wallenstein  (25  Feb.,  1634)  :  his  charac- 
ter and  political  aims. 

End  of  the  earnest  period  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Authorities :  Of  smaIvI.  books  in  Enghsli,  5*.  R.  Gardiner,  The 
Thirty  Years'  War,  and  C.  R.  L.  Fletcher,  Life  of  Gustavus  Adolphus 


("  Heroes  of  the  Nations  "  )  may  be  recommended.     In  French, '^Oar-  '■'   .. 
veriat,  Histoire  de  la  guerre  de  Trente  ans,  2  vols,  is  readable,  and  in      ^ 
German  Winter,  GeschichtedesdreissigjahrigenKrieges.  ThebestSEC- 
ONDARY  HISTORY,  based  ou  Original  documents,  is  Anton  Gindely,  Ge- 
scliichte  des  dreissigjahrigen  Krieges,  5  vols.,  of  which  a  popular  and  ^ 
compressed  edition  has  been  translated  into  English  by  A.  Te7i  Brook  ; , 
but  Schiller,  Geschichte  des  dreissigjahrigen  Krieges  is  still  read  as  a     :*- 
German  classic  :  among  more  special  books  should  be  noX.^^'^Gindely , 
^.ioBtiiin)      Rudolf  11  und  seine  Zeit^2  vols.  ■,^Stieve,  Der  Ursprung  des  dreissig- 
jahrigen  Krieges,  2*j*0»}«.  ;   Hurler,   ^Geschichte   Kaiser  Ferdinands 
f"-M^lli^     II,    4    vols.,^   arft^d--^^iSiae4effebes^e^itngG'H^\^5a^o- -^  I^i'^linaMdfc-^ "; 
^^^  fvt%^^v^^Opel,      Der     Niedersachsich  -  Danische    Krieg ;      ^indely,     Wald- 
.xC4^h.\       stein    wahrend   seines   ersten  Generalats,    2   yo\^.  ;' Droysen,    Gustav 
Adolf;  Gfrorer,  Gustav  Adpl^,  Konig  von  Schweden  und  seine  Zeit, 
3  vols.  •;  Harte,  History  of  Gifstavus  Adolphus,  2  vols.  ;    Vincent  Chap- 
tnan,  History  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  2 
vols.  ;  Biihrifig,  Venedig,  Gustav  Adolf  und  Rohan  ;  K.  A.  Mi'iller, 
Q-  Kurfiirst  Johann  Georg  der  Erste  ;  Ranke,  Geschichte  Wallensteins  ;  , 
0  ^Forster,  Wallenstein  als  Feldherr  und  Landesfiirst ;    Von  Jankb,  Wal- 
'      lenstein  ;    ^Hildebrand,    Wallenstein    und    seine   Verbindungen   mit 
den   vSchweden  ;    Hallwich,  JfWallenstein's    Ende    and  Gestalten  aus 
Wallenstein's  Lager,  and    Villermont,  Tilly  ou  la  Guerre  de  Trente 
Ans''.     Among    primary    authorities     consult   Abelin,    Theatrum 
Europseum,  2   vols.,    and    Arnia   Suecica,  4   vols.  ;  J.    L.    Gottfried, 
Fortgesetze    historische    Chronick  ;    ^Lotichius,    Rerum    Germanica- 
rum   sub    Matthia,    Ferdinandis    II   et    III    imperatoribus   gestarum 
libri  55;    Khevenhiller,    Annales   Ferdinandei,   12  vols.;  Brachelius, 
Historia  sui  temporis  ;  "^Riccius,  De   bellis   Germanicis   libri   x  -^'Ko- 
nung  Gustaf  II  Adolfs  Skrifter,  ed.  by  Styffe;  Irmer,  Die  Verhand- 
luugen  Schwedens  und  seiner  Verbiindeten  mit  Wallenstein  und  dem 
Kaiser,  3  vols.  ;  Forster's  and  other  collections  of  Wallenstein' s  Let- 


J.  l/eu^;  6.-^  --^^H  J~?»^ '.,  i/'eic.  «v^,  /•- 


ters  ;  M.  Ritter,  Briefe  und  A^en  zur  Geschichte  desDreissigjahrigen 
Krieges  ia  den  Zeiten  des  Vorwaltenden  Einflusses  der  Wittelsbacher, 
5  vols.,  and  S.  R.  Gardiner,  Letters  and  other  Documents  illustrating 
the  relations  between  England  and  Germany  at  the  Commencement 
of  the  Thirty  Years'  War  (Camden  Society,  1865.) 


I,  EC 'TURK  IV. 


THE  POIvICY  OF  RICHELIEU. 

l^he  government  of  France  from  the  death  of  Henry  IV 
(16 10)  to  the  ministry  of  Richelieu  (1624)  a  period  of  court 
intrigues,  of  weakness  of  the  central  authority,  and  of  vacil- 
lating foreign  policy. 

The  Regency  of  Marie  de  Medicis  in  the  name  of  her  son, 
lyouis  XIII  (1610-1617)  :  her  favourites  :  the  one  event  of 
importance  the  Spanish  marriages,  lyouis  XIII  marrying 
Anne,  daughter  of  Philip  III  of  Spain,  and  the  heir  to  the 
Spanish  throne  marrying  Elizabeth,  sister  of  Louis  XIII 
(16 1 2)  :  murder  of  Concini,  Marechal  d'Ancre  (24  April, 
1617). 

The  States-General  held  in  1614  :  what  it  Was,  what  it 
might  have  done  and  how  it  failed. 

The  government  of  the  favourite,  the  Due  de  lyUynes 
(161 7-162 1 )  :  the  escape  of  Marie  de  Medici©  from  Blois 
(16 19)  :  the  struggle  between  mother  and  son  :  attack  com- 
menced on  the  political  power  of  the  Huguenots  :  capture  of 
St.  Jean  d'Angely  (1621)  :  Treaty  of  Montpellier  (1623). 

Richelieu  (born  5  Sept.,  1585  ;  Bishop  of  Eu^on,  16  April, 
1607;  Cardinal,  5  Sept.,  1622),  becomes  chief  minister  of 
France  (19  April,  1624):-  his  early  career  :•  his  character; 
his  political  aims. 


—  8  — 

Richelieu's  policy  : 

i.  To  make  the  crown  of  France  all-powerful  by  over- 
coming the  nobility  :  the  conspiracy  of  Gaston, 
Duke  of  Orleans,  the  King's  brother  (1626)  :  the 
edict  against  duelling  and  execution  of  Montmo- 
rency-Boutteville  (1627):  the  "  Day  of  Dupes" 
(11  Nov.,  1630)  and  imprisonment  and  exile  of 
Marie  de  Medicis :  the  exiles,  including  Gaston 
of  Orleans,  seek  the  help  of  I^orraine  and  Spain  : 
execution  of  Montmorency  (30  Oct.,  1632)  :  the 
plots  of  the  queen,  Anne  of  Austria  :  her  rela- 
tions with  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  :  birth  of 
the  Dauphin  (5  Sept.,  1638)  :  the  conspiracy  of 
Cinq  Mars:  his  execution  (12  Sept.,  1642). 
a.  To  unite  the  force  of  France  by  destroying  the  po- 
litical power  of  the  Huguenots  :  the  rights  pos- 
sessed by  the  Huguenots  under  the  Edict  o^ 
Nantes  :  their  unpatriotic  spirit  a  remnant  of  the 
ideas  of  the  i6th  century  :  the  civil  war  of  1625- 
26:  the  siege  of  La  Rochelle  (1627-28):  help 
sent  to  the  Huguenots  by  England  :  the  capture 
of  La  Rochelle  (28  Oct.,  1628)  :  the  Peace  of 
Alais  (28  June,  1629),  granting  the  Huguenots 
religious  liberty,  but  destroying  their  political 
independence. 
in.  To  overthrow  the  power  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg  : 
Richelieu's  adoption  of  part  of  the  "  Grand  De- 
sign :  ' '  his  endeavours  to  assist  the  Protestant 
powders,  and  to  cut  the  communication  between 
Germany  and  Spain  :  marriage  of  Charles  I  of 
England  with  Henrietta  Maria  ( i  May,  1625) :  the 
first  war  in  Italy  (1624-26)  :  the  Valtelline  re- 
stored to  the  Grisons  :  the  second  war  in  Italy 
(1628-30)  against  Spain,  the  Empire  and  Savoy  : 
Richelieu  in  the  field  :  Richelieu  takes  Pignerol 
(March,  1630),  and  by  Treaty  of  Cherasco  re- 
establishes the  Duke  of  Mantua  (6  April,  1631)  : 
Richelieu  supports  the  Protestant  Netherlands  : 


^LiJ^^ 


f^CiC.  1( 


tw^r 


^^/fudt. 


Richelieu  and  the  German  Protestants  :  he  sends 
Pere  Joseph  to  the  Diet  of  Ratisbon  (1630)  :  he 
induces  Gustavus  Adolphus  to  enter  Germany  : 
his  relations  with  Sweden  :  France  intervenes  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War  (1635). 
Death  of   Richelieu   (4  Dec,  1642),  followed  by  that  of 
lyouis  XIII  (14  May,  1643)  :  the  relations  between  them  :  ef- 
fect of   Richelieu's  policy  on  the  French  monarchy  and  the 
position  of  France  in  Europe.  ^  p    /    ^  > 

Authorities  :   The  ni£iat,acce&sihle  SMAr^iv  book  in  English  isi/*atf.  '"'^^  ^^^A^ 
Bridges,  France  under  Richelieu  and  Colbert.     Among  secondary 
WORKS,  founded  on  documents,  consult  J.  B.  Perkins,  France  under 
RicheHeu  and  Mazarin,y^/*^rr^//^  works  cited  under  Lecture  II,   B.    CL# 
Zeller,  La  minorite  de  Louis  Xlll.'^f^'Connetable  de  Luynes,  *Riche--\ 
lieu  et  les  ministres  de  Louis  XIII, ^T^/zj/o/ Louis  XIII  et  le  Beam,' 
Bazin,  Histoire  de  France  sous  Louis  XIII,  4  vols.,  Picot  Histoire  des 
Etats  Generaux  vols.  4.  5,  Georges  d' Avemel  Richelieu  et  la  Monarchic 
absolue,  4vols.,  Topin,  Louis  XIII  et  Richelieu,  Houssaye,  Le  Cardinal 
de  Berulle  et  le  Cardinal  de  '9J\Q\\QY\^\x,'9Georges  d' Avenel,  La  Jeunesse 
de  Richelieu   (Revue  des  Questions    historiques,     1869),  ^^a    Garde 
Le  Due  de  Rohan   et   les  Protestants  sous  Louis  XIII,  .the   Vicojute 
de  Meaux,    La   Reforme   et    la   Politique   Fran^aise   en    Europe,     2 
vols.,  G.  Pagniez ^  artlGles  on  Pere  Josepli  in  the  Revue  Historique^ 
•\Lq1s.  26,  27,,  28,  35,' and  in  the  Revue  des  Questions  historiques,  1889," 
i^S^,  and  above  all  the  first^'Arolume  (all  yet  published)  c^uJLaiH-ing  the 
lgtest.acco-ii444-Gf-44AclieUeu-s  yeuik,  Gabriel  Hanotaiix,  Histoire  du 
Cardinal  de  Richelieu.     The  great  primary  authority  is  the  collec- 
tion of  Lettres,  instructions  diplomatiques  et  papiers  d'Etat  of  Riche- 
lieu, edited  by  Georges  d' Avenel,  (Collection  des  Documents  inedits. 
8  vols. )  :  with  his  Maximes  d'Etat  in  the  same  collection,  and  his  Me- 
moires  ;    see  also  the  Memoires  of  Rohan,  Onier   Talon,   Montglat, 
Brienne,   Mathieu  MoU,   Madame    de    Motteville,    D'Estrees    and 
Fontefiay-Mareuil,  the  Correspondance  of  Cardinal  de  Sourdis,  and 
the  Mercure  Frangois. 


t»w5*r5  markedwifff^ir  *Tll  L  woi  In  ttr?  UniveF54ty  LibraJCX^. 


_2>£_^  J'^^  <^'^  l^h^ 


—   lO 


L  E  C  T  U  R  E  V, 


THE  THIRTY  YEARS'  WAR  :  FROM  1632  TO  1648. 

Change  in  the  character  of  the  war  after  the  death  of  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  :  the  religious  pretextvS  recede  :  national  and 
personal  ambitions  make  Germany  their  field  :  the  mercenary 
troops  become  more  numerous. 

Wallenstein's  army  brought  directly  under  the  Emperor  : 
Bernard  of  Saxe- Weimar  comes  to  the  front :  the  Swedish 
armies  and  the  policy  of  Chancellor  Oxenstiern. 

The  battle  of  Nordhngen  (5  and  6  Sept.,  1634)  :  its  im- 
portant results  :  victorious  position  of  the  Emperor  and  the 
Catholics  :  the  Elector  of  Saxony  makes  peace  with  the  Em- 
peror at  Prague  (30  May,  1635)  :  the  plans  of  Oxenstiern  : 
if  the  Swedes  could  have  been  pacified  and  the  French  had 
not  intervened,  the  Thirty  Years'  War  might  have  ended. 

The  intervention  of  Richelieu  :  he  occupies  Lorraine  :  he 
receives  Alsace  from  the  German  Protestant  princes  for 
active  aid  (Nov.,  1634)  :  he  purchases  Bernard  of  Saxe- 
Weimar  and  his  army  (Oct.,  1635)  :  he  signs  an  alliance 
with  Oxenstiern  (April,  1635)  :  he  signs  a  treaty  with  the 
Dutch,  made  apprehensive  by  the  death  of  Isabella  of  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Spaniards,  for  the  division  of  the  Catho- 
lic Netherlands  (8  Feb.,  1635)  ;  he  negotiates  with  the 
Swiss,  and  the  Dukes  of  Savoy,  Mantua  and  Parma  :  effect 
of  Richelieu's  intervention  the  prolongation  of  the  war. 

France  invaded  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  north;:33i2e^t  and 
by  the  Imperialists  (1636):  the  Swedish  general  Baner 
forced  back  to  the  Baltic  :  closer  alliance  made  between 
Richelieu  and  Oxenstiern  :  Baner  defeats  the  Saxons  and 
Imperialists  at  Wittstock  (4  Oct.,  1636). 

Ferdinand  III  elected  Emperor  (22  Dec,  1636)  :  death  of 
Ferdinand  II  (15  Feb.  1637). 

The  last  years  of  Richelieu's  foreign  policy  :  the  succeSvSes 


Jt;  C'^^f^  ii  ^-^ "«/, ^*'-^  ^  ^^^^'"^  ,/^^-i<" 


%it Fetcli^'u.u  (iU\i>c^«\\  Uil)i\i,tl)HH,ix-Jii>ii!r  ^tt,  dt^  Be'lfi£t^fU^feU^ejuci,^f'iA.i^Ae^keM^v>-^  ^t 


of  Bernard  of  Saxe-Weimar  on  the  Rhine  :  his  ambitions  : 
capture  of  Breisach  (17  Dec,  1638)  :  death  of  Bernard  (18 
July,  1639)  :  the  Spaniards  invade  France  (1640)  :  battle  of 
Chemnitz  (14  April,  1639)  and  death  of  Baner  (20  May, 
1641 )  :  Richelieu  tries  to  divert  Spain  from  German  affairs  by 
causing  a  revolution  in  Catalonia  (1640)  and  encouraging 
the  insurrection  of  Portugal  (1640). 

The  first  negotiations  for  a  general  peace  (1640-41)  :  ac- 
cession of  Frederick  William  as  Elector  of  Brandenburg 
(1640)  :  he  secures  his  neutrality  (1642). 

The  progress  of  the  war  after  the  death  of  Richelieu  :  rise 
into  prominence  of  Conde,  Turenne  and  Torstenson  :  Spain 
unable  to  assist  the  Emperor  with  further  subsidies  :  Torsten- 
son destroys  the  Imperial  and  Saxon  army  at  Breitenfeld  (2 
Nov.,  1642)  :  outbreak  of  war  between  Denmark  and  Sweden 
(1643)  :  Treaty  of  Bromsebro  (1645)  :  Conde  defeats  the 
Spaniards  at  Rocroi  (19  May,  1643)  :  Turenne  reorganizes 
Bernard's  army:  the  battles  of  Freiburg  (16  Aug.,  1644) 
and  Jankau  (6  March,  1645)  :  the  Elector  of  Saxony  makes 
a  truce  with  the  Swedes  (31  Aug.,  1645):  the  battles  of 
Marienthal  (5  May,  1645)  and  Nordlingen  3  Aug.,  1645)  : 
the  invasion  of  Bavaria  :  the  Elector  Maximilian  makes  a 
truce  (15  March,  1647)  :  battle  of  Zusmarshausen  (17  May, 
1648)  :  Conde  wins  the  battle  of  I^ens  (10  Aug.,  1648):  the 
Swedes  seize  the  Castle  of  Prague  (26  July,  1648)  :  the  Em- 
peror determines  on  peace. 

The  treaties  of  Westphalia  (24  Oct.,  1648),  close  the  Thir- 
ty Years'  War  :  the  Emperor  makes  peace  with  France  and 
Sweden  :  but  Spain  remains  at  war  with  France. 

Authorities  ;  5.  R.  Gardiner,  The  Thirty  Years'  War  still 
remains  the  best  smai<i,  book  in  KngUsh  ;  Gindely  should  be  supple- 
mented among  SECONDARY  AUTHORITIES  by  Barthold,  Geschichte  des 
grossen  Deutschen  Krieges  vom  Tode  Gustav  Adolfs  ab,  mit  besondere 
Riicksicht  auf  Frankreich,  2  vols.  ;  Droysen,  Bernhard  von  Weimar, 
2  vols.  ;  SugenheifUy  Frankreich's  Einfluss  auf  und  Beziehungen  zu 
Deutschland,  vol.  i ;  "^Koch,  Geschichte  des  Deutschen  Reichs  unter 
der  Regierung  Ferdinands  III,  2  vols ;  ^TJudik  Schweden  in  Bohmen 
und  Maliren ;    Biedermann,    Deutschlands    triibste    Zeit    oder    Der 


12  

Dreissigjabrige  Krieg  in  seine  Folgen  fiir  den  deutsclie  Culturle- 
ben ;  the  Due  d^ Aiundle,  Histoire  des  princes  de  la  niaison  de 
Cond6,  vols,  5,  6.  The  primary  authorities  as  for  Lecture  3,  with 
the  additions  of  Georges  d' Avenel,  Richelieu's  letters  cited  for  Lecture 
IV  ;  ^^Szilagyi,  Actes  et  Documents  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  de  I'alliance 
de  Rakoczy  avec  les  Fran^ais  et  les  Suedois  ;  Bougeant,  Histoire  des 
Guerresetdes  Negociations  qui  precederent  le  Traite  de  Westphalie,  3 
vols.,  and  Axel  Oxenstienia's  Skriften  och  Brefvexling,  6  vols.,  and 
omitting  Gardiner,  Letters,  Styffe,  Inner  s^wA  Wallenstein. 

[«r.r.Vc  niqrV<>.l  w4fVi  a  ^  afo.^^/  in  tVif>  TTaiVprcify  y^ihrnry,"[_ 


I.BCTURE    VI. 


THE  TREATIES  OF  WESTPHALIA. 

The  history  of  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  :  a  congress  for 
peace  resolved  upon  in  1641  :  suggested  by  the  Elector  of 
Mayence  in  1639  :  approved  by  the  Imperial  Diet  at  Ratisbon 
(1640-41)  :  suggested  that  two  congresses,  in  one  of  which 
the  Emperor  should  deal  with  the  Swedes,  Dutch  and  Pro- 
testant princes,  and  in  the  other  with  France,  should  be  held 
to  arrange  terms  of  peace,  at  Iviibeck  and  Cologne  :  at  the 
wish  of  the  Swedes  Osnabriick  and  Miinster  chosen  in- 
stead :  by  a  resolution  of  the  Imperial  Diet,  with  the  assent 
of  the  Emperor,  the  German  princes  and  free  cities  allowed 
to  be  represented  at  the  congresses. 

Meeting  of  the  congresses  (1644)  :  the  chief  ambassadors  : 
Cardinal  Chigi,  Papal  Nuncio,  and  Contarini,  Venetian  am- 
bassador. Mediators,  Trautmannsdorf,  Nassau  and  Volmar 
for  the  Emperor,  lyongueville,  D'Avaux  and  Abel  Servien  for 
France,  John  Oxenstiern  and  Salvius  for  Sweden,  Saavedra 
and  Zapata  for  Spain  :  delays  about  precedence  :  the  envoys 
of  France  and  Sweden  present  their  demands  (June  1645)  : 
effect  of  the  military  operations  on  the  negotiations  :  the  part 
played  by  the  Elector  of  Bavaria  :  the  Treaties  of  West- 
phalia signed  at  Miinster  (24  Oct.,  1648). 


Chief  points  of  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  : 

A.  With  regard  to  non- German  powers,  i.  France  received 
the  Three  Bishoprics  (Metz,  Toul  and  Verdun)  occupied  in 
1552,  Alsace,  except  Strasbourg  and  reserving  the  rights  of 
the  Empire,  Breisach  and  the  right  to  garrison  Philippsburg, 
and  Pignerol :  the  Duke  of  lyorraine  not  to  be  aided  by  the 
Emperor  and  left  to  make  a  separate  treaty  with  France  :  ii. 
Sweden  received  Western  Pom  crania  with  the  island  of  Rii- 
gen,  Stettin,  Wismar,  the  archbishopric  of  Bremen  and  the 
bishopric  of  Verden,  with  representation  in  the  Diet  of  the 
Empire  :  Hi.  The  independence  of  the  Swiss  cantons  was 
officially  recognized  :  iv.  The  Protestant  Netherlands,  which 
had  been  recognized  as  independent  by  Philip  IV  of  Spain 
(30  Jan.,  1648)  were  declared  independent  of  the  Empire, 
and  received  certain  districts  in  Brabant  and  lyuxembourg. 

B.  With  regard  to  German  powers:  i.  Brandenburg  re- 
ceived, in  compensation  for  part  of  Pomerania,  the  archbis- 
hopric of  Magdeburg,  and  the  bishoprics  of  Halberstadt, 
Cammin  and  Minden.  [The  succession  to  Cleves-Juliers 
was  settled  in  1666  by  Brandenburg  receiving  Cleves, 
the  Mark  and  Ravensberg,  and  Neuburg  receiving  Juliers 
and  Berg.]  ii.  Saxony  retained  lyUsatia  and  part  of  Mag- 
deburg :  Hi.  Mecklenburg  received,  in  compensation  for 
Wismar,  the  bishoprics  of  Schwerin  and  Ratzeburg :  iv. 
Hesse- Cassel  received  the  abbey  of  Hirschfeld  :  v.  Bavaria 
received  the  Upper  Palatinate  and  retained  the  electorate 
conferred  in  1623  :  vi.  Charles  lyouis,  eldest  son  of  the  ex- 
pelled Elector  Palatine,  received  the  I^ower  (Rhine)  Palati- 
nate, and  a  new  electorate  was  created  for  him. 

C.  With  regard  to  the  religious  question  :  i.  The  terms  of 
the  Peace  of  Augsburg  were  confirmed,  fixing  the  date  for 
ecclesiastical  property  at  i  Jan.,  1624  :  ii.  The  Ecclesiastical 
Reservation  was  acknowledged  by  the  Protestants  :  Hi.  The 
Calvinist  was  recognized  as  fully  as  the  Lutheran  religion. 

D.  With  regard  to  the  Empire  :  (effect  of  the  book 
"  Hippolithus  a  lyapide"):  /.  Territorial  supremacy,  in- 
cluding the  right  of  making  alliances,  granted  to  the  States 


—  14  — 

of  the  Empire :  ii.  Prerogatives  of  the  Imperial  Diet  pro- 
claimed :  in.  Concurring  jurisdiction  of  the  Imperial  Cham- 
ber and  Aulic  Council  acknowledged. 

K.  General  amnesty  declared,  and  the  Peace  of  Westpha- 
lia made  a  fundamental  law  of  the  Empire. 

Effect  of  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  on  Germany  :  the 
practical  disintegration  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Effect  of  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  on  Europe  :  com- 
mencement of  a  new  era,  in  which  political  succeeded  re- 
ligious distinctions  :  opening  of  150  years  in  which  the  di- 
plomacy of  kings  became  the  chief  factor  in  history. 

Authorities :  All  skcondary  histories  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War  devote  their  concluding  chapters  to  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia, 
3^Tit 'see'nso ^Kerviler,  Abel  ^^rv\Q\\\'^Contarini,  Relazione  del  con-^ 
gresso  di  Munster,  Odhner  Die  Politilc  Schwedens  im  Westphalischen 
Friedenscongress  \J.  S.  Piittef ,  Geist  des  Westphalischen  Friedesandhis 
Historical  Development  of  the  Political  Constitution  of  the  Germanic 
Empire,  vol.  ii.  The  primary  authority  is  /.  G.  von  Meiern,  Acta 
Pacis  Westphalicae  oder  Westphalische  Friedenshandlungen  und 
Geschichte,  6  vols.,  but  Bougeant,  cited  under  Lecture  V,  and  his 
■^Histoire  du  Traite  de  Westphalie,  ^  vols.,  are  useful  as  being  founded 
on  D' Avaux  M€mo\rQs\-i — T;~7f y — •^ — — :t_-.«_-— ^       1/        'i   ir 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  I^ibrary.]     ^ 


I.ECTURE  VII 


^^Kkl\yifa.^c^,APl-^ 


THE  FRONDE  AND  THE  TREATY  OF  THE  PYRENEES. 

Richelieu  on  his  deathbed  nominated  Mazarin  his  succes- 
sor :  six  months  later  the  child  l/ouis  XIV  succeeded  to  the 
throne  :  the  Parlement  of  Paris  declared  Anne  of  Austria, 
the  queen-mother,  Regent :  she  gave  both  power  and  affec- 
tion to  Mazarin  :  character  and  previous  career  of  Mazarin. 

Mazarin  followed  accurately  Richelieu's  foreign  policy  : 
during  his  administration  Conde  and  Turenne  won  their  first 
victories  and  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  were  .signed. 


)Qteu  j^HvW^t  i^  ^^t)^Ht  ?^  — ^>  //^^$-/f^/ 


-—  15  — 

What  France  gained  by  the  Treaty  of  Westphalia  :  a  foot- 
ing on  the  Rhine  by  the  annexation  of  Alsace,  which  also 
enabled  her  to  surround  the  independent  duchy  of  lyorraine 
and  the  Spanish  province  of  Franche  Comte. 

Spain  refused  to  make  peace  with  France  owing  to  the 
outbreak  of  civil  war  known  as  the  ' '  Fronde. ' ' 

The  nature  of  the  Fronde  :  ' '  playing  at  civil  war  "  :  its 
fruitlessness  and  intrigues  :  its  real  want  of  importance. 

The  VxovA^,  first  phase  (1648-49):  part  played  by  the 
Parlement  of  Paris  and  the  Parisians  :  second  phase  (1650-5 1 ) : 
arrest  of  Conde  :  Turenne  invades  France  with  a  Spanish 
army:  the  battle  of  Rethel  (15  Dec,  1650):  the  Cardinal 
de  Retz  :  Mazarin  goes  into  exile  (Feb.,  1651)  :  third  phase 
(1651-52)  :  Conde  raises  an  insurrection  in  the  south  :  Ma- 
zarin returns  (Dec,  1651)  :  Turenne  joins  the  royal  party  : 
battle  of  the  Faubourg  Saint- Antoine  (2  July,  1652)  :  Ma- 
zarin again  goes  into  exile  (Aug.,  1652)  :  fourth  phase,  the 
king  and  the  queen-mother  re-enter  Paris  (21  Oct.,  1652)  : 
Conde  joins  the  Spaniards  :  De  Retz  imprisoned  ;  Gaston  of 
Orleans  exiled  to  Blois  :  final  return  of  Mazarin  (Feb.  1653, )  : 
end  of  the  Fronde. 

Mazarin  pursues  the  war  with  Spain  with  vigor  ;  Turenne 
commanding  the  French  and  Conde  the  Spanish  army  ;  Ma- 
zarin makes  an  alliance  with  Cromwell :  the  battle  of  the  Dunes 
(14  June,  1658),  capture  of  Dunkirk  and  overthrow  of  the 
Spaniards  :  formation  of  the  lyeague  of  the  Rhine  (14  Aug., 
1658)  :  the  new  Emperor,  Leopold  I  (elected  1657)  bound  by 
the  terms  of  his  capitulation  not  to  send  help  to  Spain. 

Negotiations  for  peace  with  Spain  :  Mazarin 's  hands  freed 
by  the  death  of  Cromwell  (1658). 

The  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  signed  by  Mazarin  and  Don 
lyuis  de  Haro  in  the  Isle  of  Pheasants  (7  Nov.,  1659). 

Its  terms:  (i)  France  received  Artois  and  Roussillon, 
conquered  by  Richelieu. 

(2)  Spain  abandoned  all  claims  to  Alsace. 

(3)  Charles  IV,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  was  to  be  rCvStored,  but 
all  his  fortresses  were  to  be  dismantled. 


—  i6  — 

(4)  The  Prince  de  Conde  was  to  be  forgiven  and  rein- 
stated. 

(5)  France  abandoned  the  King  of  Portugal. 

(6)  Ivouis  XIV  was  to  marry  Maria  Theresa,  elder 
daughter  of  Philip  IV,  King  of  Spain,  who  was  to  abandon 
all  claims  to  the  succession  in  Spain  on  payment  of  a  dowry 
of  500,000  crowns. 

Importance  of  the  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  as  the  supple- 
ment to  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia. 

Marriage  of  I^ouis  XIV  to  the  Infanta  (1660). 

Death  of  Mazarin  (9  March,  1661)  :  success  of  his  foreign 
policy  :  his  internal  policy  :  neglect  of  the  finances  :  destruc- 
tion of  feudal  castles  in  France. 

Life  and  work  of  Saint  Vincent  de  Paul. 

Authorities :  The  best  secondary  histories,  founded  on  doc- 
uments, for  the  administration  of  Mazarin  are  Chh'uel,  Histoire  de  la  r 
France  pendant  la  Minorite  de  Louis  XIV,  4  vols.,  and  *Histoire  de  la  ("^ 
France  sous  le  Ministere  de  Mazarin,  3  vols. ;/.  B.  Perkins,  France  under 
Richelieu  and  Mazarin  ;  Conite  de  Cosnac,  Mazarin  et  Colbert ;  Bazin, 
Histoire  de  France  sous  le  Ministere  du  Cardinal  Mazarin  ;  ¥Gaillai'- 
din,  Histoire  du  regne  de  Louis  XIV,  vols.  1,2;  Comte  de  Sainte- 
Aulaire,  Histoire  de  la  Fronde,  2  vols.  ;  Due  d'  Aumdle,  Histoire  des 
Princes  de  Conde,  vols.  5,  6  ;  Vietor  Cousin,  La  Jeunesse  de  Mazarin, 
Madame  de  Longueville,  2  vols.,  Madame  de  Sable,  Madame  de  Chev- 
L{,      reuse  and  Madame  de  Hautefort  ;  "^Chantelauze,!^^  Cardinal  de  Retz  et 

I'affaire  d^chapeau,  and  Le  Cardinal  de  Retz  et'  ses  missions  diploma-  O 

tiques  ^  Rome  ;  Valfrey,  Hugues  de  Lionne  ;  ^Barante^yiQ  de  Mathieu 
Mole  ;  3Ioreau,  Clioix  de  Mazarinades,  2  vols ;  ^f^eiTtet,  La  Misere  au 
^  temps   de   la   Fronde  ;  %Loth,  Saint  Vincent  de    Paul  et  sa   mission 

i^       socmXa  \  )^Bou7'eUy,    Cromwell    et   Mazarin,  and  ^S^essier,  Le    Chev-       'A— 

alier  de  Jant  et  les  relations  de  la  France  «#«*rPortugal  au  temps  de  p      f 

Mazarin.  Thechief  primary  authority  is  the  collection  ed.  by  C^^-  J<^>^^  ^^ 
ruel,  of  the  Lettres  du  Cardinal  Mazarin  pendant  son  Ministere,  6  vols., 
(Collection  des  Documents  inedits)/;  for  the  period  of  the  Fronde  there 
are  many  interesting  personal  memoirs  to  be  used  with  caution,  among 
which  may  be  noted  the^M^tnoires  of  Madame  de  Motteville,  Omer 
Talon,  Gourville,  Mademoiselle  de  Montpensier,  Montglat,  Brienne, 
Guyjoly,  Mathieu  Moli,  and,  above  all,  those  of  Cardinal  de  Retz. 

fftodfcs  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  I^ibrary.]  " 


^■' 


./ 


17 


LECTURE  VIII 


EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  17TH  CENTURY. 

I.    FRANCE. 

Importance  of  the  study  of  the  history  of  France  in  the 
17th  century  rests  on  the  fact  that,  during  the  Age  of  lyouis 
XIV,  its  institutions  were  copied  all  over  Europe,  while  its 
foreign  policy  was  the  keynote  of  political  history  ;  it  was 
France  which  led  the  way  to  strong  central  government  at 
home,  supported  by  standing  armies,  and  the  adoption  of 
foreign  alliances  independent  of  religious  considerations. 

Government  of  France  as  moulded  by  Richelieu  and 
Mazarin  for  the  use  of  I^ouis  XIV  :  /.  The  Monarchy  : 
growth  of  its  powers :  its  strength  :  the  Court :  ii. 
The  Nobility  :  blows  dealt  by  Richelieu  :  tendency  to  become 
a  caste  :  distinction  between  grande  and  petite  noblesse  :  sur- 
vival of  privilege  :  in.  The  Church  in  France  :  its  struggle 
with  the  Huguenots  :  contrast  between  Galilean  and  Ultra- 
montane ideas  :  iv.  The  States- General  r  and  its  failure  to 
resemble  the  English  Parliament  of  the  17th  century  :  v. 
The  Central  Administration  :  its  strengthening  the  great  aim 
of  the  French  monarchy  :  creation  of  the  ' '  Intendants ' '  : 
vi.  lyocal  Administration  :  distinction  between  pays  d'election 
and  pays  d'E^tats  :  the  provincial  Estates  :  the  provincial 
spirit :  the  cities  and  towns  :  privileges  of  the  municipalities  : 
the  ' '  Bourgeoisie  ' '  :  vii.  The  Judicial  Administration  :  the 
Parlement  of  Paris :  the  provincial  Parlements  :  the  ' '  No- 
blesse de  la  Robe ' '  :  the  strength  of  the  Bar  ;  the  pays  du 
droit  coutumier  and  the  pays  du  droit  ecrit  :  viii.  The  Finan- 
cial Administration  :  the  Farmers-general :  the  taille,  the 
gabelle,  the  aides,  the  douanes  :  ix.  Manufactures  and  Com- 
merce :  lyyons,  Marseilles,  Bordeaux,  Dieppe  and  lyC  Havre  : 
the  guilds  :  the  ouvriers  :     x.  Agriculture  :  the  seigneur,  the 


r 


farmer  and  the  peasant  :  grande  culture  and  petite  culture  : 
' '  copyhold  ' '  tenure  and  its  relics  of  feudalism  :  '  *  noble 
land  "  :  xi.  The  condition  of  the  poor  :  hospitals  :  charity  : 
xit.  Material  condition  :  roads  and  canals  :  public  works  : 
xin.  Intellectual  condition  :  education  :  colleges  and  village 
school  :  the  Academic  Fran^aise  :  provincial  academies  :  the 
press  :  xiv.  The  army  and  navy  :  their  organization  :  their 
power  concentrated  in  the  hands  of  the  monarchy. 

Position  of  France  in  Europe  in  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century,  z.  Geographical  conditions :  additions  made  by 
Richelieu  and  Mazarin  :  search  for  a  defensible  frontier : 
boundaries  of  language  and  race  disregarded  :  existence  of 
non-French  territories  in  France  :  Lorraine,  Franche  Comte, 
and  Avignon,  u.  Growth  of  political  tradition  :  the  For- 
eign Office  :  the  diplomatists. 

Bxtra-Huropean  expansion  of  France,  z.  New  France  : 
Canada  and  Acadia  :  efforts  at  colonization  :  zz.  The  French 
Antilles  ;  San  Domingo  :  their  importance  to  France  :  tu. 
The  French  East  India  Company  of  Richelieu  (1640)  :  Mad- 
agascar. 

Strength  and  weakness  of  France  in  the  17th  century. 

Authorities :  The  chapters  on  the  condition  of  France  in  the 
SECONDARY  HISTORIES,  noted  under  Lectures  2,  4  and  7,  and  especial- 
ly in  Hanotaux ,  Histoire  du  Cardinal  de  Richelieu,  vol.  i ;  Georges 
d'  Avenel,  Richelieu  et  la  Monarchie  absolue,  and  Cheruel,  Histoire  de 
la  France  pendant  la  minorite  de  Louis  XIV,  andjjH^istoire  de  la  France 
sous  le  niinistere  du  Mazarin.  See  sXsoifCheruel,  Histoire  de  I'adminis- 
tration  monarchique  en  France,  2  vols.  ;  J^Dareste,  Histoire  de  Tadniin- 
istration  et  des  progfes  du  pouvoir  royal  en  France/;  Picot^  Histoire 
des  Etats-Generaux,  5  vols.  ;  Caillet,  L' Administration  en  France 
sous  le  niinistere  de  Richelieu  ;  MLugay,  Les  origines  du  pouvoir  min- 
isteriel  en  F'rance  :  ^es  Secretaires  d'Etat  depuis  leur  institution 
jusqu'ala  mort  de  Louis  XV  ;  i Hanotaux ,  Origine  de  I'institution  des 
intendants  da,i province;  ^'Thomas,  Une  province  sous  Louis  XIV  : 
situation  politique  et  administrative  de  la  Bourgogne  de  1661  k  1715  ; 
ytMonin,  Essai  sur  I'histoire  administrative  du  Langnedoc  pendant 
I'intendance  de  Basville  (1685-1719)  :  ;'^y^/r<^(9Zj-  de  Jubainville,  L'ad- 
ministration  des  intendants  d'apres  les  archives  de  I'Aube;  Baron 
de  Ncrvo,  Les  Finances  Frangaises,  2    vols.  ;   Clantageran,    Histoire 


^/H^^c^^:,\:J:^  daky^ 


^^QJiJti  ^  /^  9  I  A4^C  /J-*^  ^-  dJ^j^  4t  Cvti*^^ 


19 


^^T^^"^  ^i<^    ;  .^ 


^Tt^r^l^. 


de  rimpot  en  France,  3  vols. ;  Fagiiiez,  Iv' I ntl u9tF4e---<tgh;-^Eia3Ice 
»e«e — H<mrT"rV;~^and  Le  Commerce  de  la  France  sous  Henri  IV 
(.B£i^u«~i*»*t<M^ue»-:v:ols^L6;_24)-;  Levasseur,  Histoire  des  classes  ou- 
vrieres  en  France,  2  vols.  ;  "^Dareste,  Histoire  des  classes  agricoles  en 

/;^y_^ France;  Susatie,  *Histoire  de  Tancienne  infanterie  fran^aise,  8  vols.,  ^ 

u"^    ^  ,     an^TrHistoire  de  la  cavalerie  frangaise,  3  vols.  \^GtcSrm,  Histoire  uiari-         (/ 
time  de  la  France,  \  vols.  ;  Gilles  de  la  Tourette,  Theophraste  Renau- 
dot,  and  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World. 
[Books  marked  witli  a  *  are  not  iti  the  University  Library  ] 


IvECTURE    IX. 


EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE   17TH  CENTURY. 

2.    THE  EMPIRE,  THE  HOU.SE   OF  AUST.^fA,  AND  THE  GERMAN  PRINCES. 

The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  in  its  inception  the  lay  authority 
ruling  western  Europe  in  conjunction  with  the  Pope,  became 
towards  the  close  of  the  Middle  Ages  the  ruling  power  in 
Germany,  and  by  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  lost  even  that 
function. 

The  form,  precedence  and  tradition  of  the  Empire  only 
was  left  to  hold  Germany  together,  and  the  different  states 
and  categories  of  states  of  the  Empire  must  be  regarded  as 
independent  political  units,  very  loosely  federated. 

The  constitution  of  the  Empire,  as  it  was  retained  after 
the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  :  ( i )  the  Elective  Emperor  :  (  2  ) 
the  Imperial  Diet  comprising  (i)  the  College  of  Electors,  (ii) 
the  College  of  Princes,  (iii)  the  College  of  Free  Cities :  (3) 
the  Imperial  Chamber :  (4)  the  Aulic  Council :  (5)  the 
Circles. 

Distinction  between  immediate  and  mediate  members  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

The  Diet  of  Ratisbon  (1663)  declared  perpetual,  and  en- 
voys plenipotentiary  take  the  place  of  Princes  and  Electors 
in  person. 


20  

The  House  of  Austria  still  remains  the  most  powerful 
sovereignty  in  Germany  from  its  hereditary  dominions,  not 
from  the  constant  election  of  its  head  as  Emperor  :  but  it 
looks  for  expansion  to  the  East,  not  to  the  West  and  gradu- 
ally ceases  to  act  chiefly  for  German  interests. 

The  dominions  of  the  House  of  Austria  :  ( i )  Austria 
proper,  Styria,  Carinthia,  etc.,  [the  Tyrol  ceded  by  Ferdi- 
nand II  to  his  brother  (1623)  returned  to  the  Austrian  do- 
minions (1665)]  :  their  administration:  the  powers  of  the 
provincial  Diets  and  extent  of  local  self-government :  (2) 
Bohemia  :  a  home  of  Protestantism  :  its  sufferings  during  the 
Thirty  Years'  War  :  deprivation  of  its  local  autonomy  and 
attempts  at  Germanizing  the  Czechs :  (3)  Hungary  and 
Croatia  :  its  constant  w^ar  with  the  Turks  :  division  of  the 
kingdom  of  St.  Stephen  at  commencement  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury (i)  Transylvania,  2082  square  miles,  (ii)  the  Turks, 
1859,  (iii)  Austria,  administered  by  the  Palatine  of  Hungary 
and  the  Ban  of  Croatia,  1222  :  (i)  Transylvania  :  the  reign 
and  policy  of  Gabriel  Bethlen  (1613-29)  :  George  Rakoczy  I 
(1629-48)  :  George  Rakoczy  II  (1648-60)  :  intervention  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War  :  encouragement  of  Protestantism  : 
struggle  with  the  Turks  :  (ii)  Turkish  Hungary  :  its 
condition  under  Turkish  rule  :  (iii)  Austrian  Hungary  :  the 
power  of  the  Diet. 

Administration  of  the  hereditary  dominions  :  the  councils  at 
Vienna  :  the  army  and  foreign  politics  :  the  influence  of  the 
Jesuits. 

The  ecclesiastical  electorates :  Mayence,  Cologne  and 
Treves. 

The  lay  electorates  ( i )  Saxony  :  its  condition  at  the  Trea- 
ties of  Westphalia  :  its  wealth  and  compactness  :  the  Elector 
the  recognized  chief  of  the  German  Protestants  :  policy  of 
John  George  I  :  the  ambitions  of  Saxony  turn  eastward  :  (2) 
Brandenburg  :  John  Sigismund,  Elector,  becomes  Duke  of 
Prussia  (1616)  as  a  feudatory  of  Poland:  the  claims  on 
Pomerania  and  Juliers-Cleves  :  the  policy  of  George  William 
during  the  Thirty  Years'  War  :  accession  of  the  Great  Elec- 
tor (1640)  :  compensation  for  Pomerania  and  settlement  of 


\i^  Jh/h^^nuA,  (h%  Cf^^^  \  tUr  (U>l'^\i^iLi^  i-  u^ 


21    

Juliers-Cleves  case  (1666)  gives  Brandenburg  a  German  in- 
terest :  Brandenburg's  advantages  from  the  Northern  War 
(1656-60)  :  (3)  Bavaria:  the  Elector  Maximilian  and  the 
Counter- Reformation  :  his  part  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  : 
(4)  The  Elector  Palatine  :  importance  of  his  position  on  the 
Rhine  with  regard  to  France. 

The  lay  princes  of  the  Empire  :  their  varying  power  :  in- 
troduction of  primogeniture  in  i6th  and  17th  centuries  :  its 
effects  :  their  love  of  independence. 

The  ecclesiastical  princes  of  the  Empire  :  the  Catholic  and 
Protestant  bishoprics  :  their  chapters  fill  the  place  of  provin- 
cial Estates  or  Diets  and  make  their  government  oligarchical. 

The  free  cities  of  the  Empire  :  their  decline  during  the 
Thirty  Years'  War  :  decay  of  the  Hanseatic  League  :  only 
Hamburg,  Bremen  and  Liibeck  renew  the  League  (1630)  : 
trade  passes  to  the  Dutch  and  the  English. 

The  knights  of  the  Empire  :  their  dependence  on  the  Em- 
peror. 

General  character  of  the  administration  in  Germany  :  the 
provincial  Diets  :  tendency  to  imitate  France. 

Depopulation  and  misery  caused  by  the  Thirty  Years' 
War  :  poverty  of  Germany. 

Intellectual  condition  :  the  foundation  of  universities  and 
academies. 

Authorities  :  Among  books  in  Bullish  may  be  noted  Liger,  Au- 
triclie-Hongrie,  translated  by  Mrs.  Birkbeck  Hill  ;  Coxe,  History  of  the 
House  of  Austria,  4  vols,  and  Vehse,  Memoirs  of  the  Court,  Aristoc- 
racy and  Diplomacy  of  Austria,  2  vols.,  for  Austria;  Tiittle,  History 
of  Prussia,  vol.  i,  and  Carlyle,  History  of  Frederick  the  Great, 
vol.  i  for  Prussia,  and  J.  S.  Putter,  Historische  Etitwickelung 
der  heutigen  Staatsverfassung  des  deutschen  Reichs,  translated  by 
Dornford,  vol.  2.  All  histories,  whether  of  the  Empire  or  of 
separate  states,  give  a  general  review  of  the  condition  of  Ger- 
many at  the  time  of  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia,  but  special  reference 
may  be  made  to  Erdmannsdorffer,  Deutsche  Geschichte,  1 648-1 740, 
vol.  i,  Biedertnann,  Deutschlands  triibste  Zeit  oder  Der  Dreissigjah- 
rige  Krieg  in  seine  Folgen  fiir  den  deutsche  Culturleben  and  Hanser, 
Deutschland  nacli  deni  dreissigjahrige  Kriege. 


22  


LECTURE   X. 


EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  17TH  CENTURY. 

3.    THE    NETHERIvANDS. 

The  situation  of  the  Netherlands  at  the  beginning  of  the 
century  :  the  Protestant  Netherlands,  the  Seven  United 
Provinces  of  Holland,  Zealand,  Gelderland,  Friesland, 
Utrecht,  Groningen  and  Overyssel,  had  practically  secured 
their  independence  and  the  Catholic  Netherlands,  now  Bel- 
gium, were  governed  by  the  Infanta  Isabella,  to  whom  they 
had  been  granted  as  a  dowry  by  Philip  II. 

The  two  parties  in  the  Protestant  Netherlands  :  the  sup- 
porters of  the  Stadtholder,  Maurice  of  Nassau,  and  the  re- 
publicans led  by  John  van  Olden  Barneveldt :  the  strength 
of  the  former  among  the  country  gentlemen,  noblemen  and 
peasants,  of  the  latter  among  the  burghers  of  the  cities,  and 
especially  of  Amsterdam. 

The  war  of  independence  with  Spain  closed  by  a  twelve 
years'  truce,  negotiated  by  Henry  IV  of  France  (1609). 

The  political  struggle  combined  with  a  religious  difference  : 
the  Arminians  or  Remonstrants  against  the  Gomarists  or 
Calvinists :  the  Synod  of  Dort  condemns  the  Arminians 
(1618)  :  execution  of  Barneveldt  (19  May,  16 19). 

The  end  of  the  truce  (1621)  •  part  played  by  the  Dutch  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War  :  owing  to  the  prudence  of  Maurice 
and  Frederick  Henry,  the  Stadtholders,  they  only  occupy 
Cleves  and  resist  Spanish  invasion  at  intervals. 

The  Catholic  Netherlands  under  Isabella  remain  contented 
with  their  local  government  and  in  comparative  tranquility,  but 
when  France  joins  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  Artois  is  lost, 
and  after  Mazarin's  treaty  with  Cromwell,  the  English  and 
French  conquer  nearly  up  to  Brussels  :  by  the  Treaty  of  the 
Pyrenees,  the  Catholic  Netherlands  are  deprived  of  Artois 

(1659). 
Meanwhile  by  the  Treaty  of  Westphalia  (30  Jan.,  1648) 


i 


*»*•- 


si^M»ai'ji*eA 


23   - 

with  Spain,  William  II,  elected  vStadtholder  1647,  promises 
to  .support  the  Spanish  rights  to  the  Catholic  Netherlands  in 
return  for  the  closing  of  the  Scheldt  to  commerce :  by  this 
means  the  United  Provinces  secure  a  buffer  against  France, 
and  Amsterdam  secures  her  commercial  supremacy  at  the 
expense  of  Antwerp. 

The  Stadtholder  resolves  on  a  coup  d'etat :  attempt  to 
seize  Amsterdam  (30  July,  1650)  :  death  of  William  II 
(Nov.,  1650)  :  the  stadtholderate  declared  vacant :  govern- 
ment divided  between  the  States-General  and  the  Provincial 
Estates :    election   of   John   de  Witt   as   Grand   Pensionary 

(1653). 

War  between  England  and  the  United  Provinces  ( 1652-54) 
owing  to  the  Navigation  Act  passed  by  the  English  Parlia- 
ment and  aimed  at  the  Dutch  carrying  trade. 

The  prosperity  of  the  Dutch  in  the  first  half  of  the  17th 
century  :  their  naval  and  commercial  monopoly  :  its  causes  : 
its  political,  social  and  material  effects. 

The  Dutch  in  Asia  :  the  first  voyage  of  Houtman  ( 1596)  : 
they  seize  the  spice  and  pepper  trade  :  foundation  of  Batavia 
(1619):  rivalry  with  the  English:  massacre  of  Amboyna 
(1623)  :  expulsion  of  the  Portuguese:  their  settlements  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  in  India,  China  and  Japan. 

The  Dutch  in  South  America  :  their  establishment  in  Bra- 
zil ( 1624-37)  :  the  government  and  great  views  of  Maurice  of 
Nassau  ( 1637-44) :  their  expulsion  by  the  Portuguese  ( 1655). 

The  Dutch  in  North  America  :  foundation  of  New  Am- 
sterdam :  the  New  Netherlands  and  the  emigration  thither. 

Contrast  between  the  Protestant  and  Catholic  Netherlands. 

Authorities :  Motley,  History  of  the  United  Netherlands,  Vols.  3 
and  4,  and  Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Barneveldt,  2  vols. ;  Wenzelbur- 
ger,  Geschichte  der  Niedeflande,  vol.  2  ;  and  FT^ervyn  ~de  Lettenhove, 
La  Flandre  pendant  les  trois  derniers  si^cles,  3  vols.  ;  for  reference 
,_^  Grotius,  Annales  et  Historiae  de  rebns  Belgicis,  Meteranus  Novus, 
^Meinsma,  Geschiedenis  van  deNederlandscheOost-Indische  Bezittin- 
gen,  ^  vols,  and  ¥De  Jonge,  De  Opkonist  van  het  Nederlandsch  Gezag 
/^  /      in  Oost-Indi^,  %  vols. 

[Bootes  marked  with  .1  *  are  not  in  the  Univetsity  T^ibrary.] 


24 


IvKCTURE  XI 


EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  17TH  CENTURY. 

4.    SWEDEN   AND   DENMARK. 

The  position  acquired  by  Sweden  by  the  Treaties  of  West- 
phaha  :  she  becomes  the  chief  territorial  power  on  the  Baltic, 
as  possessor  of  Finland,  Carelia,  Ingria,  Ksthonia,  and 
Western  Pomerania  with  an  outlet  on  the  North  Sea  as 
possessor  of  Bremen  and  Verden  ;  she  controls  the  mouths 
of  the  Elbe,  the  Weser  and  the  Oder,  but  her  own  southern 
provinces  are  occupied  by  Denmark.  Sweden  is  recognized 
as  the  chief  military  power  in  Europe. 

The  Chancellor,  Axel  Oxenstiern  :  his  policy  :  his  organi- 
zation of  the  Swedish  monarchy  on  an  oligarchical  basis  :  the 
material  condition  of  Sweden  :  its  sturdy  lyUtheranism. 

The  reign  of  Queen  Christina,  only  child  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus  :  she  takes  the  direction  of  affairs  (1644)  on  the 
outbreak  of  war  with  Denmark  :  the  Treaty  of  Bromsebro 
(13  Aug.,  1645)  :  her  influence  in  favour  of  peace  in  the  ne- 
gotiations at  Osnabriick  :  her  internal  government :  she  ab- 
dicates in  favour  of  her  cousin,  Charles  X  (6  June,  1654)  : 
her  later  life  :  her  fondness  for  literature  and  science  :  she 
becomes  a  Catholic  (1655),  and  dies  at  Rome  ( 1 9  April,  1 689 ) . 

The  reign  of  Charles  X  :  as  a  soldier  he  desires  to  utilize 
the  Swedish  army:  he  invades  Poland  (1656):  previous 
relations  between  Poland  and  Sweden  :  the  conduct  of  the 
Great  Elector  :  Charles  X  attacks  Denmark  (1657)  and  by 
the  Treaty  of  Roskild  (7  March,  1658)  obtains  the  Danish 
provinces  of  Sweden,  including  Halland,  Scania  and  the 
island  of  Bornholm  :  he  proposes  to  divide  Denmark  and 
attacks  Copenhagen  (1659)  :  the  Dutch  and  other  powers 
interfere  :  death  of  Charles  X  (23  P'eb.,  1660). 

Accession  of  Charles  XI  :  regency  of  the  queen- mother, 
Hedwiga  :    the  war  closed  owing  to  the  mediation  of  the 


ff  ^ 


Ja^ 


—  25  — 

powers  by  the  Treaty  of  Oliva  with  Poland,  by  which  Poland 
ceded  Lithuanian  lyivonia  to  Sweden  and  John  Casimir  re- 
vSigned  his  claims  to  the  Swedish  throne  (3  May,  1660),  by 
the  Treaty  of  Copenhagen  with  Denmark,  confirming  that 
of  Roskild  (7  June,  1660)  and  by  that  of  Kardis  with  Russia 
(1661)  confirming  the  cession  to  Sweden  of  Ingria  and 
Carelia. 

Position  of  Denmark  at  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  :  she 
rules  over  Norway  and  the  southern  provinces  of  Sweden, 
and  thus  controls  the  commerce  of  the  Baltic  :  her  relations 
with  the  Empire  owing  to  her  connection  with  Schleswig 
and  Hoist ein. 

The  rivalry  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  the  key  note 
of  Danish  foreign  policy  :  the  government  of  Christian  IV 
(1588- 1 648)  :  the  aristocratic  constitution  of  Denmark  : 
Christian's  court  :  his  fondness  for  Norway  and  foundation 
of  Christiania  :  his  misfortunes  during  the  Thirty  Years' 
War  :  foundation  of  the  Danish  East  India  Company  (16 15) 
and  occupation  of  Tranquebar  in  India. 

The  reign  of  Frederick  III  :  the  government  of  Ulfeldt 
and  the  nobles  :  Ulfeldt  joins  Charles  X  of  Sweden  and  in- 
duces him  to  attack  Denmark  :  Denmark's  losses  at  Roskild. 

The  revolution  of  1660  :  overthrow  of  the  power  of  the 
nobles  :  the  monarchy  of  Denmark  made  hereditary  and  ab- 
solute :  a  States- General  promised  but  never  called  :  resump- 
tion of  lands  granted  to  noblemen  :  improvement  in  admin- 
istration. 

The  Germanizing  of  Denmark  :  the  situation  of  Norway  : 
its  poverty,  and  hatred  for  Sweden. 

The  supremacy  of  the  Baltic  definitely  moved  from  Den- 
mark to  Sweden. 

Authorities:  As  a  smali^  book  in  EiigjHsh,  see  Oite,  Scandinavian 
History,  and  in  French,  Geffroy,  I^es  Ejtats  Scandinaves.  Among 
SECONDARY  AUTHORITIES  consult  the  large  general  history  by  Fryx- 
ell,  (not  translated),  Carlson,  Geschichte  Schwedens,  vols.  5,  6,  trans- 
lated and  continned  from  Geijer\  CronholM,  Sveriges  Historic  under 
Gustaf  II  Adolphs  Regering,  6  vols.,  (not  translated),  "^GraueH,  Chris- 


—  26  — 

tina,   Koiiigin  von   vSchwedeti,   und  ihf  Hof,    2    vols.,    ^^rcSettMoltz 
Memoires  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  de  la  reiiie  Christine,  4  ^o\^.,'^Allen      t* 
Geschiclite  des  Konigreich  Daneniark,  and  Spittler  Geschichte  der 
Danisclien  Revolution  iin  jalire  1660,  being  vol.  5  of  his  Samintliche 
Werke. 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  Library.] 


LECTURE  XII. 


EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  17TH  CENTURY. 

5.       RUSSIA   AND   POLAND. 

The  contrast  between  the  Slavs  of  the  Greek  Church  in 
Russia,  and  the  Slavs  of  the  Roman  Church  in  Poland,  the 
former  being  essentially  Asiatic,  and  the  latter  essentially 
European. 

The  backwardness  of  Russia  and  its  Asiatic  character  due 
to  historical  circumstances,  but  chiefly  to  the  conquest  by  the 
Mongol  hordes,  and  its  derivation  of  Christianity  from  Con- 
stantinople. 

The  epic  character  of  the  great  struggle  with  the  Mongols, 
and  its  effect  in  forming  the  Russian  people. 

The  reign  of  Ivan  the  Terrible  (1533-84)  marks  the 
emergence  of  Moscow  as  the  centre  from  which  the  Russian 
Empire  was  to  grow  :  he  takes  the  title  of  Tsar  (1547)  •  ^i^ 
wars  with  the  Tartars  on  the  south  and  east,  and  with  the 
Poles  and  Lithuanians  and  Livonians  on  the  west  and  north- 
west :  his  endeavors  to  reach  the  Baltic  :  his  relations  with 
the  powers  of  western  Europe,  and  especially  with  Elizabeth 
of  England  :  opening  up  of  trade  between  Russia  and  En- 
gland by  way  of  the  White  Sea  and  Archangel ;  the  Muscovy 
Company  :  invasion  of  Siberia  :  the  government  of  Ivan 
the  Terrible  :  his  autocracy  :  his  struggles  with  the  nobility  : 
his  "  States-General  "  :  his  personality. 


Russian  history  in  the  1 7th  century  until  the  time  of  Peter 
the  Great,  a  commentary  on  the  aims  and  ideals  of  Ivan  the 
Terrible. 

The  reign  of  Feodor  Ivanovitch  (1584-98)  :  institution  of 
serfdom  and  creation  of  the  patriarchate  :  the  reign  of  Boris 
Godunov  ( 1 598-1605)  :  the  "  false"  Dimitri  :  civil  war  and 
anarchy  :  the  Poles  ^Moscow  (161 2)  :  election  of  Michael 
Romanov  as  Tsar  ('16 13). 

The  reign  of  Michael  Romanov  ( 1613-45)  :  restoration  of 
peace  and  tranquility  :  moral  and  material  condition  of  Rus- 
sia. 

The  insurrection  of  the  inhabitants  of  Little  Russia  and  the 
Cossacks  against  Poland  under  Bogdan  Khmelnitzski  (1648)  : 
he  appeals  to  the  Tsar  :  war  with  Poland  :  by  truce  of  An- 
droussovo  ( 1667)  Russia  obtains  the  left  bank  of  the  Dnieper 
as  its  frontier  with  Kiev  and  Smolensk  on  the  right  bank. 

The  condition  of  Poland  in  the  i6th  century  ■  the  turbu- 
lence of  the  nobles :  the  pacta  conventa  :  the  right  of  con- 
federation :  the  liberum  veto  (1652):  the  influence  of 
France  :  the  work  of  the  Jesuits  :  the  Counter- Reformation. 

The  most  notable  events  the  Union  of  Lublin  (1569)  unit- 
ing Poland  and  Lithuania  :  the  death  of  the  last  of  the  Jagel- 
lons,  hereditary  Grand  Dukes  of  Lithuania  (1572)  and  elec- 
tion to  the  throne  of  Poland  thrown  open  i  the  secularization 
of  Prussia  by  Albert  of  HohenzoUern,  Grand  Master  of  the 
Teutonic  Knights,  as  a  fief  of  Poland  (1525)  followed  by  the 
suppression  of  the  Knights  of  the  Sword  (1561)  on  yielding 
Riga  to  Sweden,  Livonia  to  Poland,  and  making  Kettler,  the 
last  Grand  Master,  Duke  of  Courland,  as  a  feudatory  of 
Poland. 

The  reign  of  Sigismund  III  Vasa  (1587-1632)  :  his  Ca- 
tholicism :  failure  to  obtain  the  throne  of  Sweden  :  the  reign 
of  Ladislas  VII  Vasa  (1632-48)  :  Poland  during  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  :  election  of  John  Casimir  Vasa  :  his  wars  with 
Sweden  and  Russia  :  by  the  Treat}^  of  Wehlau  (1657)  the 
Elector  of  Brandenburg  is  recognized  as  Duke  of  Prussia,  free 
from  the  suzerainty  of  Poland  :  the  insurrection  of  Bogdan 
Khmelnitzski :  the  Truce  of  Androussovo. 


—  28  — 

In  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  Russia  is  growing  poHt- 
ically  stronger  from  her  concentrated  autocracy  and  Poland 
politically  weaker  from  her  anarchic  constitution. 

Authorities  :  Morjill,  Stor}'  of  Russia  and  Story  of  Poland  ;  Ram- 
baud,  Histoire  de  la  Russie,  translated  by  L.  H.  Lang,  2  vols.  ;  Sal- 
vandy,  Histoire  de  Pologne  avant  et  sous  le  Roi  Jean  Sobieski,  3  vols. 


IvECTURE  XIII. 


EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDIvE  OF  THE  17TH  CENTURY. 

6.      THE    OTTOMAN   TURKS. 

The  extent  of  Islam  at  the  commencement  of  the  17th 
century  :  origin  of  the  Turks. 

The  Ottoman  Turks  reach  the  height  of  their  power  in  the 
1 6th  century  :  Sulaiman  (Solyman)  the  Magnificent  (1520- 
66)  :  the  European  possessions  of  the  Turks  :  their  northern 
capital  at  Buda  :  their  control  of  the  Ivcvant  :  their  power  in 
Northern  Africa  and  over  the  Mediterranean  :  Barbarossa 
and  Dragut  :  blow  dealt  to  them  by  the  loss  of  the  passage 
of  the  Asiatic  trade  through  Egypt  :  Venice  induces  the 
Turks  to  oppose  the  Portuguese  in  Asia  :  organization  of  the 
Turkish  power  :  the  Sultan  as  Caliph  :  the  Ulemas :  the 
Janissaries. 

Resistance  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  :  the  defence  of 
Malta  (1565). 

Attitude  of  Europe  towards  the  Turks  :  spasmodic  at- 
tempts of  the  Popes  to  stir  up  Christendom  against  them  :  the 
battle  of  lycpanto  (7  Oct.,  1571)  :  the  alHance  with  France  : 
the  * '  capitulations ' '  :  the  Levant  Company  and  the  Dutch 
traders. 

Poland  and  Hungary  the  bulwarks  of  Christendom  against 
the  Turks  :  their  suzerainty  over  the  Danubian  provinces  and 


—   29  — 

Transylvania  :  the  religious  attitude  of  the  Turks  :  the  Greek 
Church  and  the  Turks  :  their  welcome  of  renegades. 

Fortunately  for  Christian  Europe  during  the  critical  period 
of  the  Wars  of  Religion  and  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  the 
Turks  remained  quiet  :  the  Sultans  degenerated  in  character  : 
and  between  the  death  of  Sulaiman  the  Magnificent  (1566) 
and  the  accession  of  Muhammad  Kiuprili  to  power  (1656) 
their  only  conquests  were  Cyprus,  taken  (1571)  and  Tunis 
retaken  (1574)  :  causes  of  this  sudden  degeneracy. 

The  Janissaries  become  Sultan-makers  :  they  are  permit- 
ted to  marry  and  the  tax  of  Christian  children  ceases. 

Internal  dissensions  mark  the  reign  of  Muhammad  III 
(1595-1603)  :  Ahmad  I  (1603-17)  makes  truce  of  Comorn 
with  the  Emperor  ( 1 1  Nov. ,  1606)  :  treaties  with  England  and 
the  United  Provinces,  and  war  with  Persia  :  the  imbecility  of 
Mustapha  I  (1617-18,  1622-23)  :  the  reign  of  Othman  II 
(1618-22)  and  his  murder  :  Murad  IV  (1623-40)  :  his  cap- 
ture of  Bagdad  (25  Dec,  1638):  his  cruelty:  Ibrahim  I 
(1640-48)  :  recapture  of  Azov  (1642)  :  attack  on  Crete  (Can- 
dia)  (1645)  :  order  to  murder  all  Christians  :  assassinated  by 
the  Janissaries  :  accession  of  Muhammad  IV  (1648)  :  troubles 
during  his  minority. 

Appointment  of  Muhammad  Kiuprili,  a  renegade  Albanian, 
to  be  Grand  Vizier  with  full  powers  (1656)  :  his  great  re- 
forms :  he  restores  the  force  of  the  Ottoman  Turks  :  his 
internal  policy  :  the  execution  of  the  Greek  patriarch  :  his 
foreign  policy  :  his  victories  over  Venice,  Russia,  Transyl- 
vania and  the  Empire  :  his  death  (1662). 

Ahmad  Kiuprili,  Grand  Vizier  (1662-76)  :  he  attacks 
Transylvania  :  the  Emperor  I^eopold  resolves  to  resist  the 
Turks  and  calls  for  the  help  of  Christendom  :  the  Diet  of  the 
Empire  agrees  and  Louis  XIV  sends  6000  Frenchmen  : 
Montecuculi  defeats  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Saint  Gothard 
(i  Aug.,  1664)  and  saves  Vienna:  the  truce  of  Vasvar 
(10  Aug.,  1664):  the  siege  of  Candia  :  Morosini  surrenders 
to  Ahmad  Kiuprili  (27  Sept.,  1669)  :  the  Cossacks  call  in  the 
help  of  the  Turks  against  Poland  (1672)  :  Ahmad  Kiuprili 


—  30  — 

takes  Kaminietz  and  conquers  Podolia  :  by  the  Treaty  of 
Budziak  or  Buczac  (i8  Oct.,  1672)  Poland  cedes  Podolia  and 
the  Ukraine  to  the  Turks  and  promises  to  pay  tribute  :  the 
treaty  disavowed  by  the  Polish  Diet  (1673)  :  John  Sobieski 
defeats  the  Turks  at  Choczim  (10  Nov.,  1673)  and  Lemberg 
(24  Aug.,  1675)  :  by  the  Treaty  of  Zurawna  (27  Oct.,  1676) 
the  Turks  retain  Kaminietz  and  Podolia  but  give  up  the 
Ukraine  and  the  tribute  :  death  of  Ahmad  Kiuprili.  (30  Oct., 
1676). 

The  greatness  of  the  Kiuprilis  :  the  sudden  resurrection  of 
the  Ottoman  power  :  its  significance.  ■ 

Authorities  :  Creasy',  History  of  the  Ottoman  Turk?,  and  Stanley 
Lane-Poole,  The  Stcy  of  Turkey  and  The  Story  of  the  Barbary  Cor- 
sairs are  readable  books  ;  Ranke,  Fiirsten  und  Volker  von  Sud-Europa  ; 
Die  Osmanen  und  die  spanische  Monarchie  im  i6ten  und  lyten  Jahr- 
hundert  (vols.  35,  36  of  his  Saniintliche  Werke),  is  more  scientific; 
their  works  are  mainly  based  on  Von  Hammer,  Geschichte  des  Os- 
manischen  Reichs,  4  vols.,  translated  into  French  as  L'Histoire  de 
TEmpire  Ottoman,  18  vols.,  and  on  Zinkeisen,  Geschichte  des  osma- 
iiischen  Reichs  in  Europe,  7  vols, 


LECTURE    XIV. 
EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  lyrn  CENTURY. 

7.      ITAI^Y. 

Italy  at  the  commencement  of  the  17th  century  :  the  idea 
of  Italian  unity  preached  by  Dante  and  Machiavelli  had  been 
extinguished  by  the  vitality  of  local  life  and  local  rivalries  : 
the  Italians  preferred  local  to  national  patriotism  :  therefore 
Italy  was  largely  ruled  by  foreign  powers. 

The  divisions  of  Italy  and  their  relations  to  each  other. 

The  chief  Italian  states  :    I.   The  States  of  the  Church  : 


^<^    jiyilhiA  di^c^  ^^n^^ATr  'u^i.^i^cc,  d^ye/iJh^io.  k /'^A;  ^^* /^^ua  ^a  ^^^ 


_  31  — 

alteration  in  the  character  of  the  Popes  :  they  become  more 
Italian  and  temporal  in  their  aspirations :  their  attitude  to- 
wards European  affairs  :  their  influence  in  Italy  :  their  nepot- 
ism :  their  administration  of  their  States  '.  Clement  VIII — 
Aldobrandini, — his  anti-Spanish  policy  :  annexed  Ferrara 
(1598)  :  died  1605  :  I^eo  XI — Medici, — 1605  :  Paul  V — Bor- 
ghese, — 1605-21  :  his  quarrel  with  Venice  :  Gregory  XV — 
lyudovisi, — 1621-23  :  Urban  VIII^Barberini, — 1623-44:  his 
anti-Spanish  policy  and  friendship  for  Richelieu  :  his  admin- 
istration :  fortification  of  Rome  :  annexation  of  Urbino  (1631)  : 
war  with  Parma  (1641-44)  :  Innocent  X — Pamfili, — 1644-55  : 
destruction  of  Castro  :  his  negotiations  with  Mazarin  :  con- 
demnation of  Jansenism  :  favouritism  :  Alexander  VII — 
Chigi, — 1655-67:  rise  in  power  of  the  "congregations"  : 
the  plague  at  Rome  (1656)  :  his  quarrel  with  Louis  XIV  : 
Avignon  occupied  by  the  French  (1663^65)  :  submission  of 
the  Pope  :  the  Roman  nobility  :  the  beautification  of  Rome. 

II.  Kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  :  i.  Sicily  :  its  feudal  no- 
bility :  the  rising  against  Spain  (1647)  and  its  suppression, 
ii.  Naples  :  the  government  of  the  Spaniards  :  Ossuna  tries 
to  revolt  (1620)  :  the  tax  on  fruit  imposed  by  Arcos  :  the 
rising  of  Masaniello  (1647)  :  action  of  the  Due  de  Guise  : 
suppression  of  the  insurrection  (April,  1648). 

III.  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany  :  the  later  Medici  :  the  tran- 
quil reign  of  Ferdinand  II  (1620-70)  :  his  encouragement  of 
science  and  art. 

IV.  Ducjiy  of  Parma  :  government  of  the  Farnesi  :  the 
war  with  the  Pope  (1641-44,  46-48). 

V.  Duchy  of  Modena :  government  of  the  Este  :  their 
friendship  for  France. 

VI.  Duchy  of  Mantua  :  the  war  for  the  Mantuan  succes- 
sion (1627)  on  the  death  of  Vincent  Gonzaga  II  5  Richelieu 
supports  Charles  Gonzaga,  Due  de  Nevers  :  sack  of  Mantua 
by  the  Imperialists  (18  July,  1630)  :  by  the  Treaty  of  Che- 
rasco  (1631)  Charles  is  acknowledged  but  Savoy  gets  part  of 
Montferrat. 

VII.  Duchy  of   Guastalla  :    Duke  Ferdinand  Gonzaga  I 


—  32  — 

claims  Mantua  ("1627)  :  influence  of  Spain  and  the  Emperor. 

VIII.  Duchy  of  Milan  :  the  Spanish  government :  its  ex- 
actions. 

IX.  Republic  of  Venice  :  the  decline  of  its  commerce  :  its 
political  importance  in  the  lycvant  and  in  Italy  :  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Republic  :  its  internal  policy  :  its  foreign  policy  : 
the  quarrel  with  Pope  Paul  V  :  Fra  Paolo  Sarpi  :  struggle 
with  the  Turks  :  the  war  in  Crete  (1645-69). 

X.  Republic  of  Genoa  :  its  weakness  :  its  troubles  with 
Corsica  :  wealth  of  its  bankers  :  the  city  bombarded  by  the 
French  (1664). 

XI.  Republic  of  Lucca  :  its  commercial  prosperity. 

XII.  Duchy  of  Savoy  :  the  importance  of  its  position  hold- 
ing the  keys  of  Italy  :  Charles  Emmanuel"^  (1580-1630)  a       TT 
faithful  ally  of  Philip  II,  whose  daughter  he  had  married  : 

he  ceded  Bresse  to  Henry  IV  (160 1)  in  exchange  for  Saluzzo  : 
Henry  IV' s  dream  of  a  kingdom  of  the  Alps  :  the  Mantuan 
succession  (1627)  :  Savoy  gets  part  of  Montferrat  (1631)  :  the 
French  alliance  of  Victor  Amadeus  I  (1630-37)  :  married  to 
a  daughter  of  Henry  IV  :  cession  of  Pignerol  :  reign  of 
Charles  Emmanuel  II  (1638-75)  :  his  policy  :  schemes  on 
Genoa  :  the  House  of  Savoy  looks  at  Italy  "  as  an  artichoke 
to  be  eaten  up  leaf  by  leaf. ' ' 

Authorities  :     AtnougSMArvr^  books  in  rngush,  or  translated  into 
^         English,  may  be  noied^Trollope,  Paul  the  Pope  and  Paul  the  Friar,  > 
^      )fH.  F.  Brown,  HiatoT'y'-'cri-' Venice;  ^Mallesoti,  Studies  m^Getjoiese  His-    \_J^^\ 
tory,  and,  for  Masaniello  and  Naples  during  this  period,  Von  Retimont, 
The  Carafas  of  Maddaloni :  Naples  under  Spanish  Dominion.     Among 
SECONDARY    HISTORIES   cousult   Botta,  Storia   dell'  Italia,  vols.  5-8, 
Ranke,  Die  romischen  Papste  im  i6ten  und  I7ten  Jahrhundert,  3  vols., 
translated  by  Austin,  vol.  3,  Brosch,  Geschichte  des  Kirchenstaates, 
2  vols^  De  Mouy,  L'Ambassade  du  Due  de  Crequi  (i6^r:6.^Xt__2  vols;,      . 
ffGiannone^mliMsiei  civile  del  Re«no  di   ^A^oWf^Baldacchini,   Storia  ^  "^  • 
Napolitana  dell'  anno  1647,  *Hervey  de  Saint-Denis,  Insurrection  de 
Naples  en  1647,  translated  from  Rivas,  2  \o\s.^Loiseleur,  Mazarin  et 
le  Due  de  Guise  in  his  Questions  historique^du  XVII^siecle,  Von  Reu- 
mont,  Geschichte  Toscanas  unter  die  Medici,  2  vols.,  CantiLt,  *Milano  e 
il  suo  territorio  and  ^agionamentj  suUa. Storia.  Lombardo  ilel  secolo  ^  -       ,^ 
^Wll.^Giovini,  Biografia  da  fra  Paolo,  Darn,  Histoire  de  Venise,  vols. 


CAvVvtvfe  a  I  r'U^^^^^/vfj'^'    (^  iX^t^^if^i 


.T-/ 


Mr  fci^cCo\/  ttC^  'u^(u~irLcc  i^-hA^a  /^oir^oy_ 


^%:,. 


—  33  — 

3-xiv,  rCosta-Beatiregard,  Memoires  historiques  sur  la  Maisoti  royale 
f^l  de  Savoie7j[  vols,,  ^Belgiojoso,  Histoire  de  la  Maison  de  Savoie,  ^{vitolsv,^ 
-j—^Carutti,  Storia  della  diplotiiazia  della  corte  di  Savoia,  ^vols.,  and 
jft^W^WiJ^  Storia  del  regno  di  Carlo  Bmanuele  II,  2  vols.  The  pri- 
mary AUTHORITIES  are  to  be  found  in  Mtiratori  and  the  Archivio 
Storico  Italiano,  while  for  the  attempt  of  Guise  on  Naples  may  be 
noted  fModhie  ]JIe*»mres  -and  Hhoiseteur  and  Baguenault  de  Puchesse 
Iv'expedition  duDuc  de  Guise  a  Naples,  and  for  the  quarrel  between 
the  Pope  and  Venice,  Sarpi,  Opere. 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  tiot  in  the  University  I^ibrary.] 


\t  ^  A^p^ 


LECTURE   XV 


EUROPE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  ly^H  CENTURY. 

8,      SPAIN   AND   PORTUGAI.. 

The  extent  of  the  dominions  of  Spain  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  17th  century  :  Naples,  Sicily,  the  Milanese,  Rous- 
sillon,  Franche  Comte,  the  Catholic  Netherlands,  Central 
and  South  America,  the  Philippine  Islands. 

The  policy  of  Philip  II  and  its  effect  on  the  strength  of 
Spain  at  home  and  abroad. 

The  weakness  of  Spain  at  home  :  bad  internal  administra- 
tion :  sterilizing  effect  of  South  American  gold :  colonial 
administration. 

The  weakness  of  Spain  abroad  :  the  war  with  England 
and  the  Protestant  Netherlands  :  the  attitude  of  France  and 
the  Empire. 

Yet  the  seeming  power  of  Spain  overshadowed  Protestant 
Christendom  :  policy  of  Henry  iVof  France,  James  I  of  En- 
gland, Richelieu,  Mazarin,  and  Cromwell  toward  Spain. 

Reign  of  Philip  III  (1598-162 1)  :  the  administration  of 
the  Duke  of  lycrma  (1598-16 18)  :  his  internal  policy  :  the 
expulsion  of  the  Moriscoes  (1609)  :  his  foreign  policy  :  peace 


—  34  — 

with  England  (1604)  :  truce  with  the  Protestant  Netherlands 
(1609)  :  the  French  alliance  and  marriages  (161 2)  :  Lerma 
becomes  a  cardinal  and  is  dismissed  (16 18)  :  succeeded  by  his 
son,  the  Duke  of  XJcedo. 

Reign  of  Philip  IV  (1621-65)  :  administration  of  the  Count- 
Duke  Olivares  (1621-43)  :  Spain  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  : 
Spinola  occupies  the  Palatinate  (1621)  :  renewal  of  war  with 
the  Dutch  (1621)  :  Spain  struggles  with  France  for  supremacy 
in  Northern  Italy  and  is  three  times  worsted  (i)  in  the  affair 
of  the  Valtelline  (1625),  (2)  in  the  Mantuan  succession 
(1627-30),  (3)  in  the  Valtelline  (1635)  :  Richelieu  determines 
to  overthrow  the  power  of  Spain  :  the  revolt  of  Catalonia 
and  of  Portugal  (1640)  :  dismissal  of  Olivares. 

Administration  of  Don  Luis  de  Haro  (1643-65)  :  the  Span- 
iards invade  France  and  are  defeated  at  Rocroi  (1643)  :  and 
again  at  lycns  (1648)  :  Spain  recognizes  the  independence  of 
the  Protestant  Netherlands  at  Miinster  (1648)  :  Spain  tries 
to  take  advantage  of  the  Fronde,  in  France  :  Cromwell  assists 
Mazarin  :  defeat  of  Spain  :  conclusion  of  the  Treaty  of  the 
Pyrenees  (7  Nov.,  1659)  :  Spain  loses  Roussillon  and  Artois  : 
Louis  XIV  marries  Marie  Therese  of  Spain  :  the  question  of 
the  Spanish  Succession  ;  death  of  Philip  IV  (17  Sept.,  1665). 

Condition  of  Portugal  during  the  ' '  Sixty  Years'  Captivity  ' ' 
to  Spain  ( 1 580-1 640)  :  ruin  of  her  commerce:  loss  of  her 
monopoly  of  the  Asiatic  trade  i  the  Dutch  seize  the  Spice 
Islands  and  establish  themselves  in  Brazil :  discontent  felt  in 
Portugal  :  preparations  for  revolt :  negotiations  with  Riche- 
lieu. 

The  Revolution  of  1 640  :  the  Duke  of  Braganza  hailed  as 
John  IV  :  independence  of  Portugal  recognized  by  France 
and  Holland  :  help  sent :  the  Asiatic  possessions  and  Brazil 
rise  against  Spain  :  commencement  of  the  war  of  indepen- 
dence :  difficulties  of  John  IV  :  his  death  (1656). 

Reign  of  Alfonso  VI  (1656-67)  :  government  of  the  queen- 
mother  ( 1656-62) :  Schomberg  organizes  the  Portuguese  army: 
by  the  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  (1659),  Mazarin  promises  to 
abandon  his  support  of  Portugal  :  but  he  brings  about  the 


~  35  — 

marriage  of  Charles  II  of  England  with  Catherine  of  Bra- 
ganza  (1662)  :  importance  of  the  English  alliance  :  adminis- 
tration of  Castel  Melhor  (L662-67)  :  continuation  of  the  war 
of  independence :  victories  of  Schomberg  :  court  revolution 
(1667)  :  Dom  Pedro  declared  Regent  and  Alfonso  VI  sent  to 
the  Azores  :  treaty  of  peace  with  Spain  signed  at  lyisbon 
(13  Feb.,  1668)  and  independence  of  Portugal  recognized. 

Significance  of  the  Portuguese  revolution  :   condition  of 
Portugal  and  its  importance  as  an  ally  of  England. 

Authorities  :     As  smai^i,  books  may  be  noted  Dunham,  History  of 
Spain  and  Portugal,  vols.  3,  4,  which  is  old-fashioned  but  fairly  correct 
for  vSpain,  and  Morse  Stephens,  Story  of  Portugal.     As  secondary 
AUTHORiTiRS  consult,  for  Spain,  the  volumes  on  this  period  in  La 
fuente,  and  other  consecutive  histories  of  Spain,  XlVetsS:r^' E^spagu^ 
depuis  le  regne  de  Philippe  II  jusqu'a  I'av^nement  des  Bourbons,  2        ^^ 
vols.,    Melo,  Guerra  de  la  Cataluna?j[translated  by  Leonc¥d?^avergne, 
'^'IValson,  History  of  the  Reign  of  Philip  III,  and  "^Dimlop,  Memoirs  of 
Spain  during  the  reigns  of  Philip  IV  and  Charles  II,  2  vols,  both  old-    ' 
fashioned  but  containing  much  that  is  valuable ;   for  Portugal,  ^e-  ' 
bello  da  Silva,  Historia  de  Portugal  durante  os  seculos  XVI  et  XVII, 
5  vols.  ^ykLadino  Coelho,  Historia  de  Portugal  desde  os  fins  do  seculo    ,_, 
-XVH  ate  1S14,    Vertot,  Revolutions  de  Portugal,  and  ^Tessier,  Le     J" 
Chevalier  de  Jant,  Relations  de  la  France  avec  le  Portugal  au  temps 
de  Mazarin.     Among  primary  authorities  for  Spanish  history  dur- 
ing the  century   may   be   noted   in  addition  to  general   collections, 
Morel-Fatio,  L'Espagne  au  XVI^  et  XVIP  si^cle  :  Documents  histo- 
riques  et  litt^raires,  "^Denans  de  Courchetet,  Histoire  des  negociations 
et  du  traite  de  paix  de  Pyrenees,  and  Mignet,  Negociations  relative  a 
la  succession  d'Espagne  sous  Louis  XIV,  vol.  i ;  for  Portugal,  ^Borges 
de  Castro  and  Judice  Biker,  Colleccao  dos  actos  publicos  celebrados 
entre  a  Coroa  de  Portugal  e  as  mais  potencias  desde  1640,  #«4    Carte, 
History  of  the  Revolutions  of  Portugal  with  the  Letters  of  Sir  R. 
Southwell  to  the  Duke  of  Ormond^o^*^  ll\\l^d  UHu^  /kU\f(uL<i<ii  jM^yke^^j. 

'^  [Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  lyibrary.] 


-o 


-36  — 
LECTURE   XVI. 


FRANCE  UNDER  LOUIS  XIV  AND   COLBERT:  TO  THE 
REVOCATION  OF  THE  EDICT  OF  NANTES,  1685. 

I/Ouis  XIV  assumes  the  actual  government  of  France  on 
the  death  of  Mazarin  (1661)  :  his  personality :  his  political 
aims :  how  far  he  continued  the  work  of  Richelieu  and  Ma- 
zarin, how  far  he  was  an  originator. 

His  first  ministers  :  the  chancellors  Seguier  (-1672),  d' Ali- 
gre  (1672-77),  and  Le  Tellier  (1677-85)  :  Hugues  de  Eionne 
(-167 1 ),  Pomponne  (1671-79),  and  Colbert- Croissy  (1679-96) 
foreign  affairs:  Le  Tellier  (-1666)  and  Eouvois  (1666-91) 
war:  Fouquet  (-166 1)  and  Colbert  (1661-83)  finances  :  Col- 
bert (1668-76)  and  Colbert-Seignelay  (1676-90)  marine. 

The  work  of  Colbert :  he  arranges  the  finances  of  France  : 
he  builds  up  manufactures  by  a  protective  policy  :  he  encour- 
ages commerce  and  occupies  San  Domingo  :  he  creates  the 
French  navy  :  his  personal  probity  :  his  hatred  of  war  :  his 
love  of  public  works  :  Riquet  makes  the  great  canal  of 
Eanguedoc. 

I/Ouvois  and  his  work  :  he  organizes  the  army  :  his  mili- 
tary reforms  :  formation  of  uniformed  regiments,  etc.  :  the 
great  French  generals,  Turenne  and  Conde,  Luxembourg 
and  Vauban. 

The  internal  policy  of  Louis  XIV  :  he  attracts  the  nobility 
to  court  and  keeps  them  out  of  politics :  he  builds  up  the 
administrative  system  :  the  intendants  of  the  provinces  :  the 
official  new  nobility :  the  police  system  :  the  suppression  of 
local  liberties  and  municipal  government :  the  King  and  his 
ministers  the  pivot  of  the  highly  centralized  government. 

The  position  of  the  Parlements :  especially  the  Parlement 
of  Paris  :  growing  importance  of  the  noblesse  de  la  robe. 

The  splendour  of  Louis  XIV  :  he  establishes  himself  at 
Versailles  :  importance  given  by  him  to  the  Court  :  influence 
of  society  and  social  observances  :  effect  of  the  removal  from 
Paris  :  his  absolutism  in  society  as  well  as  in  politics. 


Wxivr  W^  It.^^i^^l^-^t^^'^^'h- 


—  37  — 

Louis  XIV  and  the  Catholic  Church  :  his  quarrel  with 
Pope  Alexander  VII  (1664-66)  :  his  quarrel  with  Pope  In- 
nocent XI  :  the  claims  of  the  Gallican  Church  :  the  assembly 
of  1682  :  the  attitude  of  lyouis  XIV  to  the  Papacy  :  the  Jan- 
senists  and  their  doctrines  :  the  position  of  the  Huguenots  : 
the  new  policy  adopted  by  the  King  :  the  dragonnades  :  rev- 
ocation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (22  Oct.,  1685). 

Condition  of  the  French  provinces  under  Louis  XIV  :  con- 
tinuance of  provincial  life  among  the  petite  noblesse  and  the 
bourgeois  :  prosperity  of  the  cities,  and,  under  Colbert,  of 
industry  and  commerce. 

Louis  XIV  and  literature  :  the  classic  age  :  French  tragedy 
and  comedy  created  by  Corneille,  Racine  and  Moliere  :  the 
great  French  preachers,  Bossuet,  Mascaron,  Flechier  and 
Bourdaloue :  the  prose  writers,  Pascal  and  La  Bruyere : 
Boileau  and  the  canons  of  poetry  :  history  and  Mezeray  :  the 
work  and  position  of  the  Academic  Frangaise. 

Louis  XIV  and  art :  the  painters,  Poussin,  Le  Sueur  and 
Le  Brun  :  the  architects,  Mansart  and  Perrault :  the  gardener, 
Le  Notre :  foundation  of  the  Academies  of  Sciences  and  of 
Inscriptions  and  of  the  School  of  Rome. 

Private  life  of  Louis  XIV  :  his  principal  mistresses,  Mdlle. 
de  La  Valliere,  Madame  de  Montespan  and  Mdlle.  de 
Fontanges  :  death  of  the  Queen  (1683)  :  he  marries  privately 
Madame  de  Maintenon  (1684). 

The  year  of  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (1685) 
marks  a  change  in  the  character  and  policy  of  Louis  XIV  : 
he  is  henceforth  guided  by  Madame  de  Maintenon  and  his 
confessors  Pere  La  Chaise,  and  Pere  Le  Tellier :  Colbert  is 
dead  and  the  Spanish  Succession  becomes  his  one  aim. 

Impression  which  the  days  of  the  glory  of  Louis  XIV 
made  on  Europe  :  the  imitators  of  his  ideas  and  of  his  splen- 
dour. 

Authorities  :  Voltaire,  Siecle  de  Louis  XIV  is  still  the  best  i,itti.e 
BOOK  on  the  period.  Among  secondary  authoritiks  may  be  noted 
fGaillardi7i ,  Histoire  du  regne  de  Louis  XIV,  Vols.  3,  4  ;  Lair,  Louise 
de  La  Valliere  et  la  jeunesse  de  Louis  XIV,  and  *kicolas  Fouquet,  2 


€(V\JVC^' 


38  — 


vols.  ;    Cheruel,   *De   radministration  de   Ivouis   XIV    (1661-72)  and     ^ 
^  AMemoires  sur  il!^.  shrint^naan^  Fouqi^et,  2  vols.  ;  CUment,  fHistoire     f'" 
de  Colbert  et  de  son   administration,  2  vols.,  *Le  Gouvernement  de 
Louis  XIV,  oil  la  cour,  I'adniinistration,  les  finances  et  le  commerce  y 

Yo'cfe'iGS'J-Sgr'fLa  Police  sous  Louis  XIV,  and5|f*Madame  de  Montespan  ; 
j.  wNeymarck,  Colbert  et  son  temps,  2  vols.  ;  Rousset,  Histoire  de  Lou- 
vois,  4  vols.  ;  Kerviler,  Le  cliancelier  Pierre  Seguier ;  Gazier,  Les  '  ^ 
dernieres  annees  dii  Cardinal  de  Retz ;  ^Loyson,  L'Assemblee  dii  'a^ 
clerge  de  France  de  1682  ;  %Michaud,  Louis  XIV  et  Innocent  XI,  4  XT 
vols.  ;  Bausset,  Histoire  de  Bossuet,  4  vols.,  and  Histoire  de  Fenelon, 
4  vols.  ;  Puaux  et  Sabatier,  Etude  siir  la  revocation  de  I'Edit  de* 
Nantes,  and  "^Martin,  La  Monarchie  au  XVIIeme  siecle ;  essai  sur  le 
systeme  et  I'influence  personnelle  de  Louis  XIV.  The  primary 
AUTHORITIES  for  the  administration  of  Louis  XIV  are  Clhnent,  Let- 
tres,  instructions  et  memoires  de  Colbert,  7  vols.,  Boislisle,  Correspond- 
ance  des  controleurs-generaux  des  finances  avec  les  intendants  des 
provinces,  2  vols,  and  DeppUig,  Correspondance  administrative  sous 
le  regne  de  Louis  XIV,  while  among  the  vast  number  of  memoirs, 
etc.,  may  be  noted  the  Journal  of  Lefevre  d' Ormesson,  the  Memoires 
of  Madame  de  Motteville,  Mademoiselle  de  MontpensieVy  La  Fare, 

\         Gourville  and  Foucaull,  ffCosuae,  Souvenirs  du  regne  de  Louis  XIV,  8 
vols.,  and  above  all  the  Letters  of  Madame  de  SevigntJ 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  Library.] 


LECTURE  XVII. 


THE  FOREIGN  POLICY  OF  LOUIS  XIV :  TO  THE  TREATIES 
OF  NYMWEGEN,   1678. 

Position  of  the  powers  of  Europe  towards  each  other,  when 
lyouis  XIV  assumed  the  government  of  France  ( 1 66 1 )  :  effect 
of  the  restoration  of  Charles  II  in  England,  (1660)  :  ideas  of 
rehgious  unity  give  way  to  the  conception  of  national  unity 
concentrated  in  the  person  of  the  Monarch  :  exceptions,  the 
Protestant  Netherlands,  ruled  by  a  burgher  aristocracy,  and 
England  :  extinction  of  feudal  relics  in  England  and  develop- 
ment of  commercialism  :  the  contest  for  the  commerce  of  the 
world  between  England  and  the  Dutch. 


^Ztf"iM!oXiV 


/^^i^^«4^^,  ^iCA/xfTt^.  lui.nii^ 


—  39  — 

Advantages  possessed  by  France  in  the  new  era  of  diplo- 
matists and  standing  armies  :  lyouis  XIV  understands  and 
dominates  the  new  era  :  his  foreign  office  and  diplomatists  : 
his  army,  its  organization  and  its  generals  :  his  navy. 

Ivouis  XIV  resolves  to  use  these  advantages  to  enlarge  the 
borders  of  France,  and,  for  internal  and  external  reasons,  de- 
cides on  a  war  policy. 

Louis  XIV  and  diplomatic  privileges  3  the  case  of  D'Es- 
trades  at  London  (1662),  and  of  Crequi  at  Rome  (1664). 

Louis  XIV  and  England  :  marriage  of  Henrietta  of  En- 
gland, sister  of  Charles  II,  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  brother 
of  Louis  XIV  (1661)  :  purchase  of  Dunkirk  (Nov.,  1662). 

Louis  XIV  and  Spain  :  his  hopes  of  the  succession  :  his 
claims  for  diplomatic  precedence  granted. 

Louis  XIV  and  Germany  :  he  sends  help  to  the  Emperor 
against  the  Turks  (1664)  :  his  influence  with  the  League  of 
the  Rhine  and  the  west  German  princes. 

Louis  XIV  and  the  Turks  :  he  defeats  the  Barbary  Cor- 
sairs (1665),  and  sends  help  to  the  Venetians  in  Candia. 

Louis  XIV  and  the  Dutch  :  his  relations  with  John  de 
Witt  :  effect  of  Colbert's  policy  on  the  Dutch. 

The  naval  war  between  England  and  the  Dutch  (1664-67)  : 
causes  of  the  war  in  commercial  rivalry  ;  the  republican  party 
and  the  House  of  Orange  :  capture  of  New  Amsterdam  :  bat- 
tle of  Lowestoft  (3  June,  1664)  2  the  bishop  of  Miinster  at- 
tacks the  Dutch  :  Louis  XIV  declares  w^ar  against  England  : 
battle  of  the  Downs  (1-4  June,  1666)  :  Louis  XIV  makes 
peace  with  England  (March,  1667)  :  the  Dutch  in  the  Med- 
way  :  Treaty  of  Breda  (31  July,  1667)  :  England  abandons 
the  trade  of  the  Spice  Islands,  but  keeps  the  New  Nether- 
lands in  North  America. 

The  War  of  Devolution  (1667-68)  :  pretext  for  the  war, 
(see  Appendix  V)  :  isolation  of  Spain  :  Louis  XIV  takes  the 
border  fortresses  of  the  Catholic  Netherlands,  and  occupies 
Franche  Comte  :  the  Triple  Alliance  :  by  the  treaty  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  (2  May,  1668),  France  keeps  French  Flanders 
but  restores  Franche  Comte  to  Spain, 


—  40  — 

The  Triple  Alliance  between  England,  Sweden,  and  the 
Dutch  (23  Jan.,  1668)  :  its  importance  :  the  principle  of  the 
Balance  of  Power,  which  is  one  of  the  keynotes  of  European 
policy  for  more  than  a  century,  invoked  to  check  the  ambi- 
tion of  lyouis  XIV. 

The  position  in  the  Protestant  Netherlands  :  the  policy  of 
John  de  Witt :  Perpetual  Edict  against  the  House  of  Orange  : 
character  of  William  III. 

Louis  XIV  breaks  up  the  Triple  Alliance  by  the  Treaty  of 
Dover  with  England  (i  June,  1670),  and  by  detaching  Swe- 
den (April,  1672)  :  secret  treaty  with  the  Emperor  for  divid- 
ing the  Spanish  Succession  (Nqy.^.j[,67^); 

lyouis  XIV  attacks  the  Dutch  (1672)  i  their  sole  ally  the 
Great  Elector,  Frederick  William  of  Brandenburg  :  passage 
of  the  Rhine  (12  June,  1672)  :  the  Dutch  cut  their  dykes 
(18  June)  :  murder  of  John  de  Witt  (20  Aug.)  :  William 
III  elected  Stadtholder  :  the  Great  Elector  forced  to  make 
peace. 

The  naval  war  :  England  joins  France  :  the  battle  of  Sole- 
bay  (7  June,  1672)  :  the  Dutch  successful  in  1673  :  peace  be- 
tween England  and  the  Dutch  (19  Feb.,  1674). 

The  continental  wat :  coalition  formed  against  Louis  XIV 
by  the  Emperor  and  the  Great  Elector  (Oct.,  1672)  :  joined 
next  by  Spain  and  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  (Aug.,  1673),  Den- 
mark and  the  Elector  Palatine  (Jan.  and  March,  1674),  the 
Empire  (May,  1674),  and  the  Great  Elector  (July,  1674)  :  the 
Electors  of  Treves  and  Cologne  forced  to  abandon  France 
(1673)  :  Sweden  remains  her  only  ally. 

Campaign  of  1673  :  capture  of  Maestricht  (29  June,  1673)  i 
Turenne's  strategy  :  campaign  of  1674  :  Louis  XIV  occupies 
Franche  Comte  :  Conde  wins  the  battle  of  Senef  ( 1 1  Aug. , 
1674)  :  Turenne  crosses  the  Rhine  and  ravages  the  Palatin- 
ate :  campaign  of  1675  :  Turenne  reoccupies  Alsace,  and  is 
killed  (26  July)  :  naval  victories  of  Du  Quesne  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean :  death  of  De  Ruyter  (1676)  :  subsequent  campaigns  : 
capture  of  the  border  fortresses. 

Treaties  of    Nymwegen    (Nimeguen)  signed    (10   Aug., 


f-— ' V 


—  41  — 

1678,  5  F'eb.,  1679)  :  France  obtained  from  Spain  Franche 
Comte,  Valenciennes  and  other  towns  in  French  Flanders, 
and  recognition  of  rights  in  Alsace  :  the  Dutch  ceded  nothing  : 
the  treaty  supplemented  by  that  of  Saint  Germain-en-Iyaye 
(7  Sept.,  1679),  by  which  Brandenburg  and  Denmark  re- 
stored all  conquests  to  Sweden. 

Authorities  :  Among  SKCONDARy  works  dealing  with  the  diplo- 
matic and  military  history  of  the  period,  founded  on  documents,  may 
be  noted,  "^Filon,  I^a  France  et  I'Autriche  au  XVIP  Siecle  ;    Lefevre- 
Pontalis,  Jean  de  Witt,  2  vols.,  translated  into  English  ;  MBaill07i,  Hen-  _^^ 
riette  Anne  d'Angleterre,  dnchesse  d'Orleans  ;  '^orneron^  Louise  de    J 
Keroualle,  duchesse  de  Portsmouth  \^Rousset,  Histoire  de  Louvois,  4 

^  iQ^  vols.  ;  ^^eter,   Der  Krieg  des  Grosseh  Kurfiirsten  gegen  Frankreicli''p  fo}i^)C 
Q  ^'Depping^   Geschichte  des  Krieges  der  Miinsterer  und  Elolne^XgegetT'*^  du^^i^e  ^./i 

Holland;  "^¥^1  Eiinen,  Frankreich  undder  Niederrhein,  2  vols.  ;  ^Pie- 
-    pape,  Histoire  de  la  reunion  de  la  Franche-Comte  ^  la  France,  2  vols.; 

rV  iiRoy,  Turenne'';  ^Michel,  Vauban  ;,'^<2/,  Abraham  Du  Quesne  et  la  nia-     - 
rine  de  son  temps,  2  vols.,  and  "^Pdulliat,  Louis  XIV  et  la  compagnie    J 
des  Indes.     The  chief  primary  Authorities  are  Mignet,  Negocia- 
tions  relatives  a  la  succession  d'Espagne,  4  vols.  ;  ^Griffet,  Recueil  de 
lettres  pour  servir  a  1' histoire  militaire  de  Louis  XIV,  8  vols.,  and  the 
Memoires  of  Turenne,  and  the  Marechal  de  Gramont. 

[Books  marked  with  a  •■■  ae  not  iu  the  University  lyibrary.} 


/ 


LECTURE   XVIIi. 


PRUSSIA  UNDER  THE  GREAT  ELECTOR. 

The  scattered  nature  and  diverse  character  of  the  domin- 
ions ruled  by  Frederick  William,  Elector  of  Brandenburg  and 
Duke  of  Prussia,  known  as  the  Great  Elector,  in  1648  :  his 
centre  in  Brandenburg,  not  yet  entirely  evacuated  by  the 
Swedish  troops  :  Eastern  Pomerania  still  full  of  Swedes  : 
Prussia  only  held  in  feudal  subjection  to  Poland  :  and  Cleves 
garrisoned  by  the  Dutch. 


—  42  — 

Contrast  between  the  policy  pursued  in  Brandenburg  and  in 
the  rest  of  Germany  during  the  latter  half  of  the  1 7th  century  : 
the  importance  of  the  reign  of  the  Great  Elector  :  he  pre- 
pares the  way  for  the  future  greatness  of  the  House  of 
HohenzoUern. 

_The  Great  Elector's  national  policy:  his  desire  to  hold 
Prussia  free  from  Polish  suzerainty  the  motive  for  his  actions 
in  the  Northern  War  of  1656-60  (see  lyccture  XI)  :  that  re- 
lief granted  by  the  Treaty  of  Wehlau  (1657)  confirmed  by 
the  Treaty  of  Oliva  (1660)  :  his  desire  to  get  the  Dutch  gar- 
rison out  of  Cleves  the  motive  for  aiding  the  Dutch  in  1672  : 
his  desire  to  conquer  Western  Pomerania  the  motive  for  join- 
ing the  coalition  against  lyouis  XIV. 

To  carry  out  his  schemes  the  Great  Elector,  like  lyOuis 
XIV,  creates  and  organizes  a  standing  army,  and  looks  solely 
to  national  interests. 

In  1666  he  finally  divides  the  Juliers- Cleves  dominions, 
and  takes  Cleves,  RaveUvSberg  and  Mark  :  in  the  same  year 
he  occupies  Magdeburg,  which  falls  to  him  by  the  Treaties 
of  Westphalia  on  the  death  of  Augustus  of  Saxony  in  1680. 

Part  taken  by  the  Great  Elector  in  the  wars  against  I^ouis 
XIV  I  in  1672  he  aids  the  Dutch,  but  makes  peace  in  1673  : 
in  1674  he  joins  the  coalition  against  France,  and  is  attacked 
by  Sweden  :  he  defeats  the  Swedes  at  Fehrbellin  (18  June, 
1675),  takes  Stettin  (1677),  ^^^  Stralsund  ( 1678)  :  but  at  the 
Treaty  of  Saint-Germain-en-Iyaye  (17  Sept.,  1679)  has  to 
restore  all  Western  Pomerania  except  a  small  district. 

The  Great  Elector  and  the  Emperor  :  his  German  policy  : 
he  joins  the  League  of  the  Rhine  :  strives  for  the  leadership 
of  the  Protestant  princes  with  Saxony  :  his  friendship  with 
Denmark  :  his  attitude  towards  Poland  :  his  claim  to  Jagerns- 
dorf  in  Silesia,  confiscated  by  Ferdinand  II  in  1623,  and  to 
lyiegnitz  on  death  of  the  last  duke  (1675  )  :  compromised  in 
1686  by  the  Emperor  Leopold's  ceding  to  him  Schwebus  in 
Silesia. 

The  internal  policy  of  the  Great  Elector  :  his  struggle  for 
absolutism  and  centralized  administration  with  the  nobility, 


—  43  ~ 

united  in  their  provincial  Estates,  and  with  the  municipal 
rights  of  the  cities  :  local  jealousy  of  his  different  provinces. 
( I )  In  Brandenburg  :  the  Estates  were  enfeebled  and  could 
not  meet  without  being  convoked  :  no  Estates  of  the  province, 
only  provincial  Estates  in  the  Old,  and  New,  Mark.  (2)  In 
Cleves  :  the  nobility  lyUtheran  and  opposed  to  the  Calvinist 
Elector  :  their  aUiance  with  the  Dutch  :  the  administration 
in  the  hands  of  the  Estates  :  the  resistance  of  the  nobility 
overthrown  by  the  use  of  troops  in  1651  and  1654  :  the  ad- 
ministration taken  into  the  hands  of  the  Elector.  (3)  In 
Prussia  :  the  nobility  with  full  feudal  power  taxing  and  rul- 
ing thHr  dominions  :  their  friendship  with  and  imitation  of 
the  Polish  nobility  :  independent  attitude  of  the  Estates, 
supported  by  the  city  of  Konigsberg  :  the  Great  Elector's 
struggle  for  the  recognition  of  his  sovereignty  (1660-63)  :  the 
execution  of  Kalkstein  (1670). 

The  keynote  of  the  struggle  the  definition  of  the  position 
of  the  Elector  and  the  Estates  :  the  main  battle  over  taxation  : 
in  Brandenburg  (1653),  in  Cleves  (1661),  in  Prussia  (1663) 
the  right  of  self -taxation  of  the  Estates  is  acknowledged  :  but 
in  Cleves  from  1670,  in  Brandenburg  from  1678,  in  Prussia 
and  in  Magdeburg  from  1682  the  direct  taxes  are  recognized 
as  permanent,  and  future  taxes  are  imposed  without  asking 
the  Estates  :  excise  introduced  by  Grumbkow  (1677). 

In  return  for  the  subordination  of  the  nobles,  the  Great 
Elector  recognizes  serfdom  on  their  properties,  and  re-estab- 
lishes it  in  Prussia. 

To  carry  out  his  ambitious  hopes  for  his  House,  the  Great 
Elector  saw  that  Brandenburg  must  be  a  military  power  : 
his  efforts  to  create  a  standing  army  :  at  his  accession  it 
consisted  of  1200  men,  at  his  death  of  30,000. 

Material  progress  encouraged  by  the  Great  Elector  :  agri- 
culture improved  ;  marshes  drained  ;  canal  made  from  the 
Elbe  to  the  Oder  ;  Berlin  becomes  a  city  ;  welcome  of  more 
than  20,000  Huguenots  after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes. 

Death  of  the  Great  Elector  (28  April,  1688)  :  comparison 
between  his  aims  and  methods- and  those  of  Eouis  XIV. 


—  44  — 

Authorities  :     In  English  see   Carlyle,  History  of  Frederick   the 
Great,  vols,  i,  2  and  Tuttle,  History  of  Prussia,  vol.  i.     Among  sec- 
ondary   HISTORIES   consult    Berner,    Geschichte    des   preussischen 
Staats,  Ste7izel,  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staats,  vols,  i,  2,  Droy- 
sen,  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Politik,  vol.  3,  I^anke,  Zwolf  Biicher 
preussiscber  Geschichte,     Treitschke,    Deutsche   Geschichte,    vol.    i,  .'A,.^ 
PhilippsoTi,  Geschichte  des  preussischerStaatswesens,  vol,  \ ,fBbrn1iak ,\f 
Geschichte  des  preussischen  Verwaltungsrechts,  vol.  i,  Isaacsohn,  Ge- 
schichte des  preussischen  Beanitenthums,  vol.  2,  Cavaignac,  Les  Ori-  ^ 
gines  de  la  Prusse  conteniporaine,  vol.  i,  a.ndi  wPeter,  work  cited  under  ' 
Ivccture  XVII.     The  primary  authority  is  the  collection,  edited  by 
Erd7na?msddrferA\\(\.  others,  of  the  Urkunden  und  Actenstiickezur  Ge- 
schichte des  Kurfiirsten  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von  Brandenburg. 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  Ivibrary.] 


I.ECTURE   XIX 


THE  FOREIGN  POI.ICY  OF  LOUIS  XIV  :  TO  THE  TREATIES 
OF  RYSWICK,   1697. 

The  rivalry  of  William  III,  Prince  of  Orange,  and  Irouis 
XIV  :  the  character  of  William  III  :  his  adherence  to  the 
doctrine  of  the  Balance  of  Power  :  the  question  of  the  Span- 
ish Succession. 

The  position  of  I^ouis  XIV  after  the  Treaties  of  Nymwegen  : 
his  friendship  with  Charles  II  and  James  II  of  England  :  the 
*'  chambers  of  reunion,"  and  Alsace  and  Franche  Comte  :  he 
seizes  Strasbourg  and  purchases  Casale  (Sept.,  168 1)  :  secret 
alliance  between  the  Emperor,  William  III,  Spain  and  Swe- 
den (1681)  to  preserve  the  arrangements  made  at  Nymwegen 
in  1678  :  prevented  from  acting  by  the  invasion  of  the  Turks 
and  the  siege  of  Vienna  (1683)  :  the  Imperial  Diet  makes  a 
truce  of  twenty  years  with  lyouis  XIV,  and  consents  to  the 
reunions  (Aug.,  1684)  :  the  question  of  the  Palatine  Succes- 
sion (1685)  :  pretensions  of  Louis  XIV  :  formation  of  the 
League  of  Augsburg  (9  July,  1686)  between  the  allies  of  1681 , 


—  45  — 

joined  by  Victor  Amadeus  II,  Duke  of  Savo}',  the  Elector  of 
Bavaria,  and  others. 

lyouis  XIV  and  the  Mediterranean  :  Du  Quesne  bombards 
TripoH,  and  Algiers,  and  Genoa  (1684)  :  Seignelay  improves 
the  French  navy. 

lyouis  XIV  and  Pope  Innocent  XI  :  the  ambassador's  right 
of  asylum  :  occupation  of  Avignon  (1687). 

Louis  XIV  and  the  administration  :  Colbert  succeeded  by 
Le  Peletier  (1683-89),  and  Pontcljartrain  (1689-99)  :  Lou- 
vois  by  Barbezieux  (1691-1701)  :  Colbert -Croissy  assisted 
by  Colbert-Torcy  (1689),  and  succeeded  by  him  (1696). 

Effect  of  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (1685)  in 
Europe,  especially  in  England  and  Germany. 

Outbreak  of  war  (1688)  :  its  causes  :  (i)  the  Palatine  Suc- 
cession :  (2)  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  France  supporting  Car- 
dinal von  Fiirstenberg  and  the  Emperor,  Joseph  Clement  of 
Bavaria :  Louis  XIV  devastates  the  Palatinate ^  occupies 
Bonn,  Cologne,  Mayence  and  Treves,  and  takes  Philipps- 
burg  (1689). 

The  position  changed  by  the  Revolution  of  1688  in  En- 
gland, by  -which  William  III  became  King  of  England  :  effect 
of  this  change  on  the  position  of  Eouis  XIV  :  he  sends  an 
army  and  a  fleet  to  support  James  II  in  Ireland. 
■  Campaign  of  1690  :  De  Tourville  defeats  the  English  and 
the  Dutch  off  Beachy  Head  (10  July),  but  James  II  is  defeat- 
ed at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  ( 1 1  July) ,  and  leaves  Ireland  : 
Luxembourg  defeats  the  Prince  of  Waldeck  at  Fleurus  (i 
July,  1690),  and  Catinat  the  Duke  of  Savoy  at  Staff arda  (17 
Aug.,  1690). 

The  campaign  of  1691  :  Louis  XIV  prepares  to  invade 
England  :  he  takes  Mons  (9  April)  :  Catinat  tak^s  Nice  (2 
April)  :  Noailles  takes  Urgel  :  death  of  Louvois. 

The  campaign  of  1692  :  Russell  defeats  De  Tourville  at  the 
battle  of  La  Hogue  (29  May)  :  end  of  the  French  supremacy 
in  the  Channel  :  regular  naval  war  abandoned  for  privateer- 
ing :  Duguay-Trouin  and  Jean  Bart :  the  invasion  of  En- 
gland abandoned  :  Louis  XIV  takes  Namur  (5  June)  :  Lux- 


-46- 

embourg  defeats  William  III  at  Steenkirk  (3  Aug.)  :  the 
Duke  of  Savoy  invades  Dauphine. 

The  campaign  of  1693  :  lyUxembourg  defeats  William  III 
at  lyanden  or  Neerwinden  (29  July),  and  takes  Charleroi  (11 
Oct.)  :  Catinat  defeats  the  Duke  of  Savoy  and  Prince  Eugene 
at  Marsaglia  (4  Oct.)  :  Noailles  takes  Rosas. 

Exhaustion  of  France  :  feebleness  of  the  ministers  :  depre- 
ciation of  the  currency. 

Defensive  campaign  of  1694  •  death  of  lyuxembourg  (4 
Jan.,  1695):  William  III  recaptures  Namur  (1695):  lyouis 
XIV  makes  peace  with  Victor  Amadeus  II  of  Savoy,  who 
recovers  Pignerol  and  Casale,  and  whose  daughter  marries 
the  grandson  of  lyouis  :  he  declares  himself  the  ally  of  France. 

Negotiations  for  peace  opened  at  Ryswick  (May,  1697)  : 
peace  decided  by  Vendome's  capture  of  Barcelona  (10  Aug.). 

The  treaties  of  Ryswick  signed  20 Sept.  and  30  Oct.,  1697, 
by  which  (i)  Louis  XIV  recognized  William  III  as  King  of 
England,  but  refused  to  expel  James  II  :  (ii)  the  Dutch 
allowed  to  garrison  the  frontier  towns  of  Belgium  as  ' '  barrier 
fortresses  ' '  :  (iii )  lyouis  XIV  restored  to  the  Empire  Philipps- 
burg,  Breisach  and  Freiburg,  and  all  places  adjudged  to  him 
since  the  treaties  of  Nymwegen,  except  Strasbourg,  Longwy, 
Sarrelouis  and  Landau  :  (iv)  Leopold,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  re- 
stored to  his  father's  dominions,  with  all  fortresses  dismantled. 

Position  of  the  powers  of  Europe  at  the  Treaties  of  Ryswick 
awaiting  the  settlement  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

V  Authorities  :  Of  the  secondary  histories  cited  for  I^ectures  XVI  P 

H     and   XVII,    Voltaire,  (fGaillardifi,  ^ClSmcni,  Le  Gouvenieiiieiltid^ 

Louis  XIV  de  1683-89,  Rousset,  ^Michaud,  Bausset,  *  Martin,  *Filo?i, 

^Von   En7ienJ^Roy,'f Michel  and  9jal  are  still  valuable,  and  of  the 

PRIMARY   AUTHORITIES,   BoisHslc,   Depping ,  Foucault,   ^Cosnac,  La 

Fare,    Madame  de  Sevigni,  and  "^Griffet.      To  the  secondary  au- 

.       THORITIES  should  be  added  for  this  period,  Macaulay,  History  of  En- 

^    gland,  vols,  r-4  ;  ^Sirtema  de  Grovestj^ins,  G^^iUatiiite-fff'etXdUiff 

0     S  vols.  ; /^Reynald,   Louis  XIV  et  Guillaume  111^' 2  vols.'J-'^'JVoailles, 

Histoire  de  Madame  de  Maintenon  et  des  principaux  evenements  ,du 

regne  de  Louis  XIV,  4  vols.  ;   Geffroy,  Madame  de  Maintenon  ;  T-I^e- 

grelle,  Louis  XIV  et  Strasbourg  ;  ■^C^££3/z.,_X£4iape-AJ£:^caiidieJ^ 

Lotiift-  XIV^  Schulte,    Markgraf  Ludwig  von  Baden  und  der  Reichs- 


^ 


5  C^'t'Ux 


Lhm^  Xjx^  t.'(c  Vi:'       -  •■  '  /C  ^^ 


to  -  f  ^H(<uY't  ' 


^ 


—  47  — 

^  krieg  gegen  Frankreicli,  2  vols.  ;  ^arutti,  Storia  del  regno  di  Vittorio 
Atnedio  II,  and  ^D'' Haussonville,  Histoire  de  la  reunion  de  la  Lor- 
raine ^  la  France,  4  vols.  To  the  primary  authoritiks  add  Louis 
XIV  CEuvres,  6  vols.,  and  Memoires  pour  1' instruction  du  Dauphin, 
ed.  Dreyss,  2  vols.;  Spanheini,  Relation  sur  la  cour  de  France  en  1690; 
Madame  de  Maintenon  Correspondance  generale  and  CEuvres  ed.  by 
LavallSe,  12  vols. ;  the  various  collections  of  the  Letters  of  the  ^Duchesse  --i — v 
d'OrUans^Veiwovin.  as  the  Princess  Palatine ; /^(G^^zVm/,  Memoires  et 
Correspondance,  3  vols.  ;Mhe  Memoires  of  Mdlle.  de  Lafayette,  Ma- 
dame de  Caytus,  the  Abbe  Choisy,  and  Torcy,  and  the  Journal  of  Dan- 
geau,  vols.  1-6. 

[Books  marked  with  an  *  are  not  in  the  University  Library.] 


I.ECrURB  XX. 


n 


THE  SIEGE  OF  VIENNA  BY  THE  TURKS,  1683  :  POLAND 
UNDER  JOHN  SOBIESKI. 


The  Emperor  I^eopold  I  and  Hungary  :  his  efforts  (i)  to 
tirpate  Calvinism,  (2)  to  destroy  local  independence,  in  the 
rtion  of  Hungary  left  to  him  :  the  situation  after  the 
Treaty  of  Vasvar  (1664)  :  the  conspiracy  of  1670  :  the  Pal- 
atine ofhce  abolished  and  a  policy  of  religious  persecution 
and  Germanization  adopted :  the  insurrection  of  Tokoli 
(1675-79)  encouraged  by  lyouis  XIV  to  embarrass  the  Em- 
peror :  effect  of  Western  on  Eastern  European  politics  :  the 
Treaty  of  Nymwegen  (1678)  followed  by  the  Diet  of  CEdens- 
berg  (1681)  by  which  the  Palatine  was  restored,  arbitrary 
taxes  abolished,  all  offices  granted  to  Magyars,  and  liberty 
of  worship  promised  to  the  Protestants. 

The  Emperor  Leopold  and  Transylvania  :  attitude  of  that 
province  to  the  Turks  (see  Lecture  XIII). 

The  Turks  recognize  Tokoli  as  Prince  of  Hungary,  and 
under  the  command  of  Kara  Mustapha  Kiuprili  march  on 
Vienna  (1683)  :  the  siege  of  Vienna  (March-Sept.,    1683)  : 


-48  — 

its  significance  in  history  :  help  sent  to  the  Emperor  by  other 
states :  heroic  defence  of  Vienna  :  appeal  for  the  help  of 
John  Sobieski,  King  of  Poland  :  attempt  of  I^ouis  XI V  to 
isolate  the  Emperor. 

John  Sobieski,  King  of  Poland,  elected  21  May,  1674 :  the 
disastrous  reign  of  John  Casimir  Vasa  (1648-69)  :  the 
feeble  reign  of  Michael  Koributh  Vichnevetski  (1669-74)  : 
Sobieski' s  difficulties  in  Poland  since  the  Treaty  of  Zurawna 
(27  Oct.,  1676):  his  treaties  with  Russia  and  the  Dutch: 
his  fame  as  a  general  :  his  desire  for  a  crusade  against  the 
Turks  :  his  friendship  with  Pope  Innocent  XI  r  his  differences 
with  lyouis  XIV  :  he  resolves  to  come  to  the  help  of  the 
Emperor. 

John  Sobieski  with  Charles  V,  Duke  of  lyorraine,  defeats 
the  Turks  in  their  camp  (12  Sept.,  1683)  and  raises  the  siege 
of  Vienna  :  pursuit  of  the  Turks  :  capture  of  Gran  :  execu- 
tion of  Kara  Mustapha  Kiuprili. 

War  with  the  Turks  :  first  phase  (1684-89)  :  excitement 
caused  in  Christendom  by  the  siege  of  Vienna  :  the  ' '  Holy 
League  ' '  :  the  Venetians  under  Morosini  conquer  the  Morea 
(1684-87)  :  the  Poles  in  Moldavia  (1686)  :  the  Duke  of  Lor- 
raine takes  Buda  (3  Sept.,  1686):  he  and  Louis  of  Baden 
defeat  the  Turks  at  Mohacs  (12  Aug.,  1687)  :  the  Janissaries 
depose  Muhammad  IV  and  place  Sulaiman  II  on  the  throne 
(Nov.,  1687):  the  Prince  of  Transylvania  declares  himself 
a  vassal  of  Hungary:  capture  of  Belgrade  (Sept.,  1688): 
Louis  of  Baden  invades  Servia  :  the  Russians  attack  the 
Turks:  Mustapha  Kiuprili  appointed  Grand  Vizier  (1689). 

The  Emperor  Leopold's  action  on  the  conquest  of  Hungary  : 
he  punishes  the  friends  of  Tokoli :  executions  at  Eperies  :  the 
crown  of  Hungary  made  hereditary,  instead  of  elective,  in  the 
House  of  Hapsburg :  abolition  of  the  coronation  oath  :  per- 
secution of  the  Protestants. 

War  with  the  Turks  :  second  phase  {i6^g-gi)  :  the  Emperor 
has  to  detach  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  to  fight  Louis  XIV  on 
the  Rhine  :  Louis  of  Baden  commands  against  the  Turks  : 
Mustapha  Kiuprili  appoints  Tokoli  Prince  of  Transylvania 


—  49  — 

and  recaptures  Belgrade  (1690)  :  accession  of  Ahmad  II : 
Ivouis  of  Baden  defeats  the  Turks  at  Szalankemen  (19  Aug., 
1 691)  :  Mustapha  Kiuprili  killed  :  Transylvania  conquered  : 
the  Hapsburgs  recognized  as  Princes  of  Transylvania  (Dec, 
1 691)  :  John  Sobieski's  last  campaign  :  he  extends  the  fron- 
tier of  Poland  to  the  Pruth  (1691);  :  Louis  of  Baden  sent  to 
the  Rhine. 

War  with  the  Turks  :  third  phase  (1691-98)  :  unimportant 
operations  (1691-95)  :  accession  of  Mustapha  II  (1695)  :  he 
takes  command  of  the  Turkish  army  :  he  invades  Hungary 
and  takes  many  fortresses  :  confusion  caused  by  the  death  of 
John  Sobieski :  Peter  the  Great  takes  Azov  (28  July,  1696)  : 
Prince  Eugene  destroys  the  Turkish  army  at  Zenta  ( 1 1  Sept. , 
1697)  :  the  Turks  sue  for  peace. 

Reasons  which  induced  the  Emperor  L/eopoId  to  make 
peace  with  the  Turks  :  the  imminence  of  the  falling  in  of  the 
Spanish  Succession  :  intervention  of  the  English  and  Dutch. 

Treaty  of  Carlowitz  (26  Jan.,  1699)  :■  (i)  the  Emperor  ob- 
tained Hungary,  except  the  Banat  of  Temesvar,  the  whole 
of  Transylvania,  Croatia  and  Slavonia  to  the  Save  :  (ii) 
•Venice  obtained  Dalmatia  and  the  Morea  :  (iii)  Poland  recov- 
ered Podolia  with  Kaminietz  :   (iv)  Russia  got  Azov. 

Since  the  siege  of  Vienna  the  Turks  have  receded  in  Eu- 
rope :  the  Treaty  of  Carlowitz  marks  the  first  stage  of  their 
decline. 

The  condition  of  Poland  under  John  Sobieski  :  rivalry  be- 
tween the  Poles  and  Ivithuanians  :  the  factious  nobility  :  Sobie- 
ski's schemes  for  reform  rejected  :  he  finds  himself  without 
subsidies  or  support :  attitude  of  foreign  powers  :  Sobieski 
wishes  to  abdicate  :  approach  of  civil  war  :  Sobieski's  ad- 
vancement of  civilization  in  Poland  :  death  of  John  Sobieski 
(17  June,  1696)  :  election  of  the  Elector  Augustus  of  Saxony 
to  be  King  of  Poland  (i  June,  1697). 

Authorities:     Among    smalt^  books    Leger,    AutricheHongrie  ; 

Creasy,  Ottoman  Turks  and  Morjill,  Story  of  Poland,  as  before,  with 

^    )tMalden,  History  and  Consequences  of  the  Defeat  of  the  Turks  before 

Vienna  in  1683.     As  Secondary  authorities  see  Coxe,  History  of 


—  50  — 

>^  the  House  of  Austria,  4  vols.  ;  '^Teutsch,  Gescliichte  der  Siebenbiirgef 
J  Sachseu^#A;7<?/»/»,  Das  Jahr  1683  und  der  folgende  grosse  Tiirkenkrie^ 
bis  zum  Frieden  von  Carlowitz,  traa^.  ;  "^Thi'irheim,  Feldmarschall 
KrnstRiidiger,  Graf  Stahremberg  ;  ^Roder  von  Diersbiirg,  Des  Mark- 
grafen  Ludwig  Wilhelm  vou  Baden  Feldziige  wider  die  Tiirken,  2  vols. ; 
Afneth,  Prinz  Eugen  von  Savoyen  3  vols.  ;  Vo7i  Hdmmer,  Histoire  de  ^y 
I'Bnipire  Ottoman  vols.  12,  iy,^Coyer,  Histoire  de  Jean  Sobieski,  3  vols., 
and  Salvandy,  Histoire  de  Pologne  avant  et  sous  Jean  Sobieski,  3  vols., 
are  old-fashioned  and  do  not  give  sources,  but  interesting.  There  is 
much  that  is  useful  in  Farges,  Recueil  des  instructions  donnees  aux 
anibassadeurs  et  ministres  de  France  en  Pologne. 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  noi  in  the  University  Library.} 


IvECl'URB    XXI. 


RUSSIA  UNDER  PETER  THE  GREAT. 

Condition  of  Russia  under  the  first  Romanovs  :  internal 
and  foreign  policy  of  the  Tsars  (see  Ivecture  XII). 

The  reign  of  Alexis  Romanov  (1645-75)  '■  autocracy  legal- 
ized :  the  government  of  the  boyars  :  disorganization  of  the 
administration:  popular  risings:  Stenka  Razin  (1666-71)  : 
Nikon's  reform  of  the  Russian  liturgy  :  the  code  of  Alexis  : 
his  wars  with  Poland  and  Sweden  :  he  accepts  the  suzerainty 
of  the  Cossacks  of  I/ittle  Russia,  and  the  Ukraine,  and  of  the 
Zaporogues :  by  truce  of  Androussovo  with  Poland  (1667), 
he  receives  Smolensk  and  Kiev. 

The  reign  of  Feodor  Alexievitch  (1675-82). 

Accession  of  Peter  the  Great,  youngest  son  of  Alexis,  born 
9  June,  1672  ;  the  rising  of  the  Streltsi  at  Moscow  :  Ivan  V 
proclaimed  joint  Tsar  with  Peter :  Princess  Sophia  made 
Regent. 

The  government  of  Sophia  and  Vasili  Galitzin  (1682-89)  - 
they  confirm  the  peace  of  Kardis  with  Sweden  and  the  treaty 
of  Androussovo:  Galitzin' s  expedition  against  the  Crimean 


—  51  -— 

Tartars  (1687-89)  :  overthrow  of  Sophia  (1689)  :  Peter  the 
Great  assumes  the  government. 

The  boyhood  of  Peter  the  Great :  his  education  :  his  char- 
acter :  his  passion  for  boat-building  :  his  foreign  friends  :  lye- 
fort  :  his  amusernents  and  occupations  :  his  longing  for  a 
navy :  condition  of  Russian  commerce :  Archangel :  the 
Baltic  :  the  government  of  the  boyars  :  by  death  of  Ivan  V 
Peter  becomes  sole  Tsar  (8  Feb.,  1696). 

Peter  the  Great's  first  war  :  the  capture  of  Azov  (28  July, 
1696)  :  by  treaty  with  the  Turks,  Azov  granted  to  Russia 
(1700). 

Peter  the  Great's  visit  to  Western  Europe  (1697-98)  ;  its 
political  results  :  its  effect  on  Peter's  character. 

Destruction  of  the  Streltsi  ( 1 698  )  :  first  steps  taken  for  the 
formation  of  a  regular  army  and  navy  :  forcible  introduction 
of  Western  usages. 

First  appearance  of  Russia  in  European  politics  :  negotia- 
tions between  Augustus  I,  Elector  of  Saxony  and  King  of 
Poland,  Frederick,  Elector  of  Brandenburg,  Frederick  IV, 
King  of  Denmark,  and  Peter  the  Great  for  an  attack  on  Swe- 
den :  motives  of  the  attack  :  Brandenburg  also  suggests  the 
partition  of  Poland  :  Peter's  desire  for  a  port  on  the  Baltic. 

Peter  the  Great  invades  Ingria  :  the  Russians  defeated  by 
Charles  XII  at  the  battle  of  Narva  (13  Nov. ,  1700)  :  Charles 
XII  moves  against  Poland. 

The  Russians  take  Noteburg  (22  Oct.,  1702),  and  Peter 
the  Great  founds  St.  Petersburg  :  occupation  of  Ingria  and 
Carelia  :  capture  of  Narva  (20  Aug.,  1704). 

The  Empress  Catherine  :  private  marriage  (1707)  :  public 
marriage  ( 1 7 1 2  )  ;  her  influence  over  Peter  ;   Menshikov. 

Closeness  of  the  alliance  between  Peter  and  Augustus  I  :  the 
devastation  of  Livonia  :  the  Swedes  defeated  at  Kalisch  (29 
Nov.,  1706)  :  Augustus  makes  peace  with  Charles  XII  at 
Altranstadt  (1706)  :  Peter  left  without  allies:  the  war  in 
lyithuania  :  fortification  of  Moscow. 

Charles  XII  invades  the  Ukraine  (1708)  :  treachery  of  Ma- 
zeppa,  Hetman  of  the  Cossacks  :  the  battle  of  Liesna  (9  Oct., 


—  52  — 

lyoSJ  :  the  winter  of  1708-9  :  destruction  of  the  Swedish  army 
at  Poltava  ( 1 1  July,  1709):  escape  of  Charles  XII:  importance 
of  the  victory :  Russia  takes  rank  with  European  nations  : 
the  result  of  a  trained  and  disciplined  army  :  immediate 
effects  of  the  victory  ;  Augustus,  aided  by  Peter,  resolves  to 
recover  the  Polish  throne  and  to  conquer  I^ivonia  :  the  Rus- 
sians made  safe  in  Ingria  and  Carelia,  with  an  outlet  to  the 
Baltic  :  the  Emperor  offers  his  sister  to  the  Tsarevitch  Alexis, 
who  marries  Princess  Charlotte  of  Brunswick- Wolfenbiitt^l 
(25  Oct.  171 1 )  :  league  of  Russia,  Denmark  and  Prussia 
formed  against  Sweden  ;  by  treaty  of  Marienwerder  ( i  Nov. , 

1709)  Elbing  promised  to  Prussia. 

Early  suggestions  of  a  partition  of  Poland  b}^  Prussia  and 
Saxony  to  Peter  the  Great. 

Internal  reforms :  the  new  administration :  the  Privy 
Council  takes  the  place  of  the  Council  of  Boyars  :  the  new 
departments  :  formation  of  the  eight  governments  :  the  taxes 
and  financial  system  :  commerce  and  monopolies  :  encourage- 
ment of  foreigners :  ecclesiastical  reforms  :  reformation  of 
the  monasteries  :  the  Senate  :  unpopularity  of  these  changes  : 
local  insurrections  and  discontent. 

Continuance  of  the  war  with  Sweden :  capture  of  Viborg 
(21  June,  1710),  of  Riga  (July)  and  of  Revel  (September)  : 
occupation  of  I^ivonia  and  Esthonia  :  marriage  of  Peter's 
niece  Anne  to  the  Duke  of  Courland ;  occupation  of  Cour- 
land. 

The  Turks  declare  war  against  Peter  the  Great  ( i  Dec. , 

1 7 10)  :  Peter  the  Great  invades  Moldavia  :  he  is  surrounded 
by  the  Turks  on  the  Pruth  and  by  treaty  of  11  July,  171 1, 
agrees  to  surrender  Azov,  which  was  given  up  to  the  Turks 
in  1712. 

The  campaigns  in  Pomerania  (1711-13)  :  sequestration  of 
Stettin. 

Peter  the  Great's  position  at  the  time  of  the  Treaties  of 
Utrecht. 

The  greatness  of  the  work  Peter  had  done  for  Russia. 


—  53  — 

Authorities:  Of  smaMv  books  the  most  readable  is  still,  despite 
some  mistakes  and  misconceptions,  Voltaire,  Histoire  de  I'empire  de 
Russie  sous  Pierre  le  Grand,  which  should  be  checked  by  the  chapters 
on  his  reign  in  Morfill,  Story  of  Russia,  and  Rambaud,  Histoire  de  la 
Russie,  translated  by  L.  B.  Lang,  2  vols.  The  best  secondary  au- 
thorities are  Schuyler,  Peter  the  Great,  2  vols.,  Bruckner,  Peter  der 
Grosse,  and  Herrmann,  Russland  unter  Peter  der  Grosse.  The  Uni- 
versity Library,  owing  to  the  gift  by  Mr.  Eugene  Schuyler  of  his  inval- 
uable collection,  is  rich  in  books  on  this  subject :  most  of  these  vol- 
umes are  in  Russian  but  among  those  of  historical  and  biographical 
interest  in  other  languages  may  be  noted  Obolenski  and  Posselt,  Tage- 
buch  des  Generalen  Patrick  Gordon,  3  vols.,  and  Posselt,  Der  General 
und  Admiral  Franz  Lefort,  sein  Leben  und  seine  Zeit,  2  vols. 


LECTURE  XXII 


CHARLES  Xn  OF  SWEDEN. 


The  reign  of  Charles  XI  of  Sweden  (1660-97)  :  during 
his  minority  and  the  government  of  his  mother,  Hedwiga, 
peace  was  made  with  Poland,  Denmark  and  Russia  [see 
Lecture  XI]  and  Sweden  joined  the  Triple  Alliance  [see 
Lecture  XVII]  :  the  political  position  of  Sweden  :  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  nobles  :  they  grant  to  themselves  the  crown 
lands. 

Charles  XI  assumes  the  government  (1672)  :  his  alliance 
with  France  :  he  invades  Brandenburg  :  he  is  attacked  by 
Denmark  and  the  Dutch  :  his  navy  is  defeated  by  Cornells 
van  Tromp  (11  June,  1675)  and  his  army  by  the  Great  Elec- 
tor at  Fehrbellin  (18  June,  1675)  :  he  defeats  the  Danes  at 
Lund  (11  Dec,  1675)  but  loses  all  Pomerania  and  his  fleet 
is  destroyed  by  Admiral  Juel  (11  June,  1678)  :  by  the  Treaty 
of  Saint-Germain-en-Laye  (17  Sept.,  1679)  he  recovers  all 
his  lost  territory  by  the  influence  of  Louis  XIV  :  his  alliance 
with  the  Dutch  (1681)  :  he  sends  them  6000  men  (1688-98). 


—  54  — 

The  Revolution  of  1682:  absolute  power  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  king  b}^  the  Estates  :  he  attacks  the  nobility  by 
resuming  all  lands  granted  to  them  since  1609  :  his  excellent 
administration  :  economy  and  large  savings  :  encouragement 
of  Swedish  commerce. 

Christian  V,  King  of  Denmark  (1670-99)  :  the  adminis- 
tration of  Griffenfeld  (1670-76)  :  result  of  the  war  with 
Sweden  :  his  troubles  with  Holstein-Gottorp  :  the  Convention 
of  Altona  ( 1 69 1 )  :  his  attempts  to  imitate  I^ouis  XIV  :  his 
creation  of  a  privileged  nobility  :  excellence  of  his  navy  and 
commerce  :  his  administration  :  he  invades  Schleswig  (  1698) 
and  is  succeeded  by  Frederick  IV  in  the  following  year. 

Charles  XII  of  Sweden  (1697-1718)  :  his  education  and 
character  :  he  is  declared  of  age  (1699)  :  danger  threatened 
to  Sweden  by  the  alliance  against  her  of  Denmark,  Branden- 
burg, Saxony  and  Russia. 

The  first  campaign  of  Charles  XII  :  he  comes  to  the  help 
of  the  Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp  (1700)  :  he  attacks  Copen- 
hagen :  Frederick  IV  makes  the  Treaty  of  Travandahl  (18 
Attg.,  1700),  granting  practical  sovereignty  to  the  Duke  in 
Schleswig. 

The  second  campaign  of  Charles  XII  :  he  defeats  the  Rus- 
sians at  Narva  (30  Nov.,  1700)  and  the  Saxons  at  Klissow. 

Charles  XII  despises  Russia  and  resolves  to  drive  Augus- 
tus I  out  of  Poland  :  the  Polish  Diet  declares  the  throne  of 
Poland  vacant :  election  of  Stanislas  Leczinski  as  King  of 
Poland  (12  July,  1704)  :  Charles  XII  invades  Saxony:  by 
the  Treaty  of  Altranstadt  (24  Sept.,  1706)  Augustus  recog- 
nizes Stanislas  as  king  :  commanding  position  of  Charles  XII 
in  European  politics  :  expectation  of  his  intervention  in  the 
War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  :  visit  of  Marlborough  to  him. 

Charles  XII  invades  the  Ukraine  (1708)  :  his  army  de- 
stroyed or  captured  by  Peter  the  Great  at  Poltava  (11  July, 
1709)  :  he  escapes  to  Bender  :  his  efforts  to  induce  the  Turks 
to  attack  Russia  :  he  is  arrested  by  the  Turks  and  imprisoned 
at  Adrianople  (17 13). 

The  Northern,  War  during  the  residence  of  Charles  XII  at 


JU:^,     ^^^.^.yJU^Mi  c..^    ^  ®^^"^-^  ^^i^o€.^(£_^ 


—  55  — 

Bender  :  Augustus  I  tears  up  the  Treaty  of  Altranstadt  and 
with  Peter  the  Great  reconquers  Poland  :  Stanislas  lyeczinski 
escapes  to  Sweden  (1710)  and  goes  to  Bender  (1713)  :  the 
Russians  conquer  Ksthonia  and  all  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland  :  Frederick  IV  of  Denmark  invades  Sweden,  but  is 
defeated  by  Stenbock  at  Helsingborg  (10  March,  17 10)  : 
Stenbock  defeats  the  Danes  at  Gadebusch  (20  Dec,  17 12) 
and  burns  Altona  :  he  is  joined  by  the  Duke  of  Holstein- 
Gottorp  :  Stenbock  forced  to  surrender  at  Tonning  (May, 
17 13)  :  the  Danes  conquer  Bremen  and  Verden  :  campaign 
of  the  Russians,  Prussians,  Saxons  and  Danes  in  Pomerania  : 
the  whole  province  occupied,  except  Stralsund. 

Position  of  the  northern  powers  at  the  Treaties  of  Utrecht : 
exhausted  condition  of  Sweden :  triumphant  attitude  of 
Russia,  Prussia  and  Denmark  :  Sweden  ceases  to  be  a  great 
power  :  the  position  given  her  by  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia 
too  great  for  her  to  hold  :  sources  of  her  strength  and  weak- 
ness. 

The  character  and  career  of  Charles  XII. 

Authorities  :  The  best.SMAi,i:,  book  is  still  Voltaire,  Charles  XII, 
but  the  summary  of  facts  in  OtU,  Scandinavian  History,  and  Geffroy, 
Les  Etats  scandiuaves,  is  useful.  For  more  detailed  information  see 
Lundblad,  Geschichte  Karls  des  2wolften,  2  vols.,  Beskow,  Karl  der 
Tolfte  and  SarauW,  Die  Feldziige  Karls  XII,  while  Schuyler,  Peter  the 
Great,  Morjill,  Story  of  Poland,  and  Tuttle,  History  of  Prussia,  can  be 
studied  for  the  Russian,  Polish  and  Prussian  sides  of  the  Northern 
War.  The  general  histories  of  Sweden  by  FryXell  and  by  Geijer, 
translated  into  German  and  continued  by  Carlson,  devote  much  space 
to  the  reigns  of  Charles  XI  and  Charles  XII. 


I.ECTURE  XXIII. 


THE  WAR  OF  THE  SPANISH  SUCCESSION,  1701-14. 

Causes  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  :  the  reign 
of  Charles  II  of  Spain  (i 665-1 700)  :  his  feeble  health  :  in- 
trigues for  the  succession  to  the  Spanish  dominions  :  impor- 
tance of  the  question  to  European  nations :  the  doctrine  of 
the  Balance  of  Power. 


/it^  ^kiCijiju^^,  /^d^^,  kA^c*^  (^{c^f_ 

56  — 

The  Secret  Partitiop  Treaty  between  lyouis  XIV  and  the 
Emperor  Leopold  (19  Jan.,  1668)/:  lyouis  to  have  theJ^Nether-  Ou^hirCi 
lands,  Franche  Comte,  \N"avarre,^aples,  Sicily  and^Catalonia^  'K^i^'^l 

Leopold  to  have  Spain\  the  Indies  and  the  Milanese  :  these 

terms  made  impossible  by  the  Treaties  of^Rys wick. 

The  claimants  to  the  Spanish  Succession  and  their  claims  : 
Philip,  Duke  of  Anjou,  grandson  of  Louis  XIV,  the  Arch- 
dty^e  Charles,  youngfer  son  of  the  Emperor  Leopold,  and  the 
Electoral  Prince  of  Bavaria.      (See  Appendix  V). 

The  First  Partition  Treaty  between  William  III  and  Louis 
XIV  ( 1 1  Oct. ,  1698)  :  the  Electoral  Prince  to  have  Spain,  the 
Indies  .and  the  Netherlands,  Charles  to  have  the  Milanese, 
Philip  to  have  Naples,  Sicily,  the  Tuscan  ports  and  Guiposcoa  : 
arrangement  accepted  by  Spain  :  death  of  the  Electoral  Prince 
of  Bavaria  (6  Feb.,  1699). 

The  Second  Partition  Treaty  between  William  III  and 
Louis  XIV  (15  May,  1700)  :  Charles  to  have  Spain,  the  In- 
dies, the  Netherlands  and  Sardinia,  Philip  to  have  the  same 
as  before  with  the  addition  of  the  Milanese,  which  was  to  be 
exchanged  for  Lorraine. 

Intrigues  at  Madrid  :  Charles  II  makes  a  will  in  favour  of 
Philip  (7  Oct.,  1700)  and  dies  (i  Nov.,  1700). 

Louis  XIV  accepts  the  will  and  acknowledges  his  grand- 
son as  ruler  of  all  the  Spanish  dominions  (16  Nov.,  1700)  : 
William  III  and  the  Dutch  reluctantly  recognize  Philip  V  of 
Spain  :  diplomatic  precautions  of  Louis  XIV  :  his  first  mis- 
take, expulsion  of  the  Dutch  from  the  barrier  fortresses  ; 
formation  of  the  Grand  Alliance  (7  Sept.,  1701)  between  the 
Emperor,  William  III,  the  Dutch  and  the  King  of  Prussia  : 
second  mistake  of  Louis  XIV  :  he  recognizes  the  Pretender 
as  King  of  England  (17  Sept.,  1701)  on  the  death  of  James 
II  :  death  of  William  III  (19  March,  1702)  and  accession  of 
Queen  Anne :  the  Grand  Alliance  against  Louis  XIV 
strengthened  by  the  assistance  of  the  Empire  (30  Sept. ,  1 702  )  : 
its  leading  spirits  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  Prince  Eugene 
and  the  Grand  Pensionary  Heinsius  :  the  allies  of  France 
were  the  Dukes  of  Modena,  Mantua,  Guastalla  and  Savoy, 
and  the  Electors  of  Bavaria  and  Cologne. 


^^-^  ,    Xtjl^        %^  4s      -iV-H^^  "^^     /U,0-.   J>Z^^'^J. 


I  '■ ;  • 


—  57  — 

War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  :  campaign  of  1701  :  Eu- 
gene turns  the  position  of  Catinat  in  Lombardy  and  defeats 
Villeroi  at  Chiari  (i  Sept.). 

Campaign  of  1702  :  Eugene  surprises  Villeroi  at  Cremona 
(i  Feb.)  :  the  Dukes  of  Modena  and  Guastalla  abandon 
France:  Vendome  defeats  Eugene  at  lyUzzara  (15  Aug.)  : 
lyouis  of  Baden  invades  Alsace  and  seizes  I^andau  :  Bavaria 
declares  war  and  seizes  Ulm  (8  Sept.)  :  Villars  defeats  Louis 
of  Baden  at  Friedlingen  (14  Oct.)  :  Marlborough  takes  I^iege 
and  other  fortresses  on  the  Meuse. 

Campaign  of  1 703  :  French  plan  of  marching  on  Vienna  : 
Francis  Rakoczy  raises  an  insurrection  in  Hungary  :  critical 
position  of  the  Emperor :  Villars  enters  Bavaria  :  Vendome 
enters  the  Tyrol :  Vendome  has  to  retire  owing  to  the  con- 
duct of  Victor  Amadeus  of  Savoy,  who  joins  the  allies 
(8  Nov.)  :  importance  of  this  event :  the  Duke  receives  from 
the  Emperor  Alessandria,  Valenza,  the  Val  Sesia  and  the 
Lomelline  :  failure  of  the  invasion  of  the  Tyrol :  Villars  de- 
feats the  Austrians  at  Hochstadt  (21  Sept.)  :  Tallard  recap- 
tures L<andau  (17  Nov.)  :  Marlborough  takes  Bonn  (May) 
and  occupies  the  electorate  of  Cologne  :  insurrection  of  the 
Protestants  in  the  Cevennes. 

Campaign  of  1 704  :  Vendome  conquers  Piedmont  :  suc- 
cesses of  Rakoczy  :  Marlborough  joins  Eugene  in  Bavaria 
and  crushes  Tallard  at  Blenheim  (13  Aug.)  :  lyouis  of  Baden 
takes  lyandau  and  Marlborough  Treves  :  importance  of  the 
battle  of  Blenheim  :  Sir  George  Rooke  seizes  Gibraltar 
(4  Aug.)  :  Portugal  recognizes  the  Archduke  Charles  as 
King  of  Spain. 

Campaign  of  1 705  :  Joseph  I  succeeds  Leopold  as  Emperor 
(May)  :  he  pursues  a  conciliatory  policy  towards  Hungar}'  : 
Villars  puts  down  the  revolt  in  the  Cevennes,  takes  Wissem- 
bourg  and  invades  Baden  :  Vendome  besieges  Turin  and  de- 
feats Eugene  at  Cassano  (16  Aug.)  :  Marlborough  in  the 
Netherlands :  Galway  invades  Spain  from  Portugal :  Peter- 
borough takes  Barcelona  (13  Sept.)  and  Catalonia  declares 
for  the  Archduke  Charles. 


—  58- 

Campaign  of  1706  :  Galway  occupies  Madrid  (2  July)  but 
the  Spaniards  rise  for  Philip  V  and  drive  him  out  (Aug.)  : 
Peterborough  takes  Valencia  and  relieves  Barcelona  :  Eugene 
relieves  Turin,  defeats  Orleans  and  drives  the  French  out  of 
Italy  (7  Sept.)  :  Villars  retakes  I/auterbourg  and  Haguenau  : 
Marlborough  crushes  Villeroi  at  Ramillies  (23  May)  and 
occupies  the  Catholic  Netherlands. 

Campaign  of  1707  :  Berwick  defeats  Galway  at  Almanza 
(15  April)  :  all  Spain,  except  Catalonia,  supports  Philip  V  : 
iSTaples  acknowledges  the  Archduke  Charles  :  the  Emperor 
confiscates  the  duchy  of  Mantua  :  he  grants  Montferrat  and 
Casale  to  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  but  adds  Mantua  to  the  Mila- 
nese :  Eugene  and  the  Duke  of  Savoy  invade  France  and 
besiege  Toulon  :  Villars  storms  Stolhofen  (23  May),  invades 
Germany  and  invites  Charles  XII  of  Sweden  to  join  him  : 
Marlborough  undertakes  no  military  operations,  but  keeps 
Charles  XII  from  intervening. 

Campaign  of  1708  :  Rakoczy,  utterly  defeated,  escapes  to 
Poland  :  Stanhope  takes  Port  Mahon  in  Minorca  :  the  Aus- 
trians,  under  Daun,  occupy  Naples  and  Sardinia :  Pope 
Clement  XI  prepares  to  resist :  Vendome  conquers  the  Cath- 
olic Netherlands,  but  is  defeated  by  Marlborough  and  Eugene 
at  Oudenarde  ( 1 1  July)  :  the  allies  invade  France  :  capture 
of  Lille  (22  Oct.). 

Louis  XIV  negotiates  for  peace  :  the  demands  of  the  allies  : 
Louis  appeals  to  Ftance  and  continues  the  war. 

Campaign  of  1709  :  the  Pope  by  the  approach  of  Austrian 
troops  is  forced  to  recognize  the  Archduke  Charles  as  King 
of  Spain  (15  Jan.)  :  Marlborough  and  Eugene  take  Tournay 
(2  Sept.)  :  the  battle  of  Malplaquet  (11  Sept.). 

Negotiations  of  Gertruydenburg. 

Campaign  of  17 10:  Stahremberg  and  Stanhope  defeat 
Philip  V  at  Almenara  (27  July)  and  Saragossa  (20  Aug.)  : 
the  Archduke  Charles  occupies  Madrid  (21  Sept.)  :  Vendome 
makes  Stanhope  prisoner  at  Brihuega  (9  Dec.)  and  defeats 
Stahremberg  at  Villa  Viciosa  (10  Dec.)  :  Marlborough  and 
Eugene  take  Douai  (25  June),  Bethune  (29  Aug.)  and  Aire 
(8  Nov.). 


__  59  — 

General  weariness  of  the  war  :  change  of  ministry  in  En- 
gland :  the  Archduke  Charles  succeeds  his  brother,  Joseph  I 
(17  April,  17 11):  he  is  elected  Emperor  as  Charles  VI: 
effect  of  this  change. 

Campaign  of  171 1  :  Marlborough  takes  Bouchain  (12 
Sept.)  :  Torcy  and  Bolingbroke,  the  French  and  English 
ministers,  secretly  arrange  preliminaries  of  peace  :  Ormond 
succeeds  Marlborough  in  command  of  the  army  :  Duguay- 
Trouin  takes  Rio  de  Janeiro  (23  Sept.). 

The  congress  of  plenipotentiaries  to  decide  on  terms  of 
peace  meets  at  Utrecht  (Jan.,  17 12). 

Campaign  of  1712  :  the  English  make  a  truce  (17  July)  ; 
Villars  defeats  Eugene  at  Denain  (24  July)  and  retakes 
Marchiennes,  Douai  and  Bouchain. 

The  Emperor  refuses  to  accept  the  Treaties  of  Utrecht, 
signed  11  April,  1713,  and  continues  the  war. 

Villars  takes  Spires,  Worms,  I^andau  and  Fribourg. 

The  Emperor  makes  peace  with  France  at  Rastadt  (4  March, 
1714)  and  the  Empire  at  Baden  (7  Sept.,  1714). 

Contrast  between  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  and 
the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Authorities  :     For  a  short  account  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession see  Sta7ihope,  History  of  Bngland  during  the  Reign  of  Queen      CL— 
Anne,  2  vols.     Among  general  secondary  authorities  see  *lVyon,     *-- 
History  of  Great  Britain  during  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  2  vols., 
Coxe,  Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  Spain  of  the  House  of  Bourbon,  vols. 
I,  i.y^Reynald,  Louis  XIV  et  Guillaume  HI,  Vsjil:!!,  and  .'^Guerre  de  la 
succession  d'Espagne,  ^^Moret,  Quinze  Ans  du  regne  de  lyouis  XIV,  3 
vols.,  ^Noailles,   Histoire  de  Madame  de  Maintenon,  4  vols..     Von 
Noorden,  Europaische  Geschichte  ini  Achtzehnten  Jahrhundert,  vols,    q^ 
1-3,   '^Krohn,   Die  letzten  Lebensjahre  I/udwigs  XIV,  ^Ennen]  f)er 
.^panische  Erbfolgekrieg  und  der  Churfiirst  Joseph  Clemens  von  Coin, 
and  ^Landau^l^aiser  Karl>  VI  als  Konig  von  Spanien.     Among  dip- 
lomatic SECONDARY  AUTHORITIES  See  fCourcy,  La  coalition  ^"Tfor  ^JL 
contre  la  France,  2  vols.,  Legrelle,   La  Diplomatic  Fran^aise  et  la 
succession  d'Espagne,  4  vols.^and  Gcsdeke,  Die  Politik  (F^sterreichs  in 
der  spanischen  Erbfolgefrage.'^   Among  military  secondary  author- 
ities see  Coxe,  Memoirs  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  6  vols.,  '^Alison,     ^ 
Military  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough, '^/^;^/^c»^,  History  of  the     ^ 
War  of  the  Succession  in  Spain,  ^Parnell^  The  War  of  the  Succession  ■ 


a\(i  \u-'.        ,K^;\£^^e 


IMo-m)  -60- 

in  Spain,  Vog'Jie,  Villars,  Arncth^  Prinz  Eugen  von  vSavoyen,  3  vols., 
and  Iveben  des  Feldniarsclialls  Graf  Guido  Sta^emberg,  and  ^Roder 
von  Diersburg,  Kriegs  und  Staatscbriften  des  Markgrafen  Ludwig 
Wilbelm  von  Baden  iiber  den  spaniscben  Erbfolgekrieg.  Tbe  cbief 
PRIMARY  AUTHORITY  Is  Pelct,  Memoires  militaires  relatifs  a  la  succes- 
sion d'Espagne,  11  vols.  (Collection  des  Documents  inedits),  but  see 
also  Grimblot,  Letters  of  William  III  and  Louis  XIV,  1697-1700, 
^Hippeau,  Avenementdes  Bourbons  an  trone  d'Espagne:  correspond- 
ance  inedite  du  Marquis  d'Harcourt,  2  vols.,  Baudrillart,  Philippe  V 
d'Espagne  et  la  Cour  de  France,  2  vols.,  Murray,  Letters  and  De- 
spatches of  Marlborough,  5  vols.,  RatnbtUeau,  Lettres  du  Marechal 
de  Tesse,  Lamberty,  Memoires  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  du  XVIIIieme 
siecle,  14  \o\s.,  Louville,  Memoires  secrets  sur  I'etablissement  de  la 
maison  de  Bourbon  en  Espagne,  2  vols.,  and  the  Memoires  oi^Ber-  C^v\ihJc 
wick,  Villars,  Duguay-Trouin,  Forbin,  and  Torcy,  with  the  Journal 
inedit,  1709-1711,  of  Torcy,  edited  by  yJ/(25.?c;?. 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  Universit}'  Library.] 


LECTURE   XXIV. 


THE  TREATIES  OF-  UTRECHT. 

The  first  negotiations  made  by  Eouis  XIV  after  Ramillies 
(1706)  :  he  tries  to  detach  the  Dutch  from  the  Grand  AlH- 
ance  :  refusal  of  the  Grand  Pensionary,  Heinsius,  to  treat 
separately  (19  Nov.). 

Second  negotiations  at  the  Hague  with  the  allies  after 
Oudenarde  and  the  loss  of  lyille  (May-June,  1709)  :  hard 
terms  offered  to  lyouis  XIV  (28  May)  :  he  refuses  to  accept 
them  (2  June). 

Conference  at  Gertruydenburg  after  Malplaquet  (March- 
July,  1710)  :  Louis  XIV  willing  to  accept  the  terms  offered 
at  the  Hague  :  the  conference  broken  up  (25  July). 

Effect  on  the  situation  of  the  accession  of  the  Tories  to 
power  in  England  (171 1)  and  of  the  recall  of  Marlborough. 

Death  of  the  Dauphin  (14  April,  171 1). 


Congress  for  peace  opened  at  Utrecht  (12  Jan.,  1712)  :  the 
chief  plenipotentiaries,  Torcy  for  France,  Bolingbroke  for 
England,  Heinsius  for  the  Protestant  NetherlandsT:  progress 
of  the  negotiations  :  treaties  of  peace  signed  between  France, 
England,  the  Netherlands,  Prussia,  Savoy,  etc.,  at  Utrecht 
(11  April,  1 7 13)  :  the  Emperor  Charles  VI  continues  at  war 
with  France. 

Treaties  signed  between  France  and  the  Emperor  at 
Rastadt  (4  March,  17 14),  confirmed  by  the  Empire  at  Baden 
(7  Sept.,  1 7 14)  and  between  Spain  and  Portugal  at  Madrid 
(6  Feb.,  1715)  :  but  the  Emperor  makes  no"  peace  with 
Spain  and  refuses  to  acknowledge  Philip  V. 

The  whole  series  may  be  considered  together  as  the 
Treaties  of  Utrecht. 

Chief  provisions.  A.  The  Spanish  succession,  i.  Philip 
V  recognized  as  King  of  Spain  and  the  Indies,  on  condition 
that  the  crowns  of  Spain  and  France  should  never  be  united  : 
causes  of  this  decision.  it.  Charles  VI  received  the 
Milanese,  Naples,  Sardinia  and  the  Catholic  Netherlands. 
iii.  Victor  Amadeus  II  received  Sicily,  iv.  England  re- 
ceived Gibraltar  and  Minorca. 

B.  lyouis  XIV  of  France  maintained  his  borders  as  settled  by 
the  Treaties  of  Ryswick,  but  surrendered  recent  conquests  in 
Germany :  he  ceded  Acadia  (Nova  Scotia)  to  England, 
recognized  the  Protestant  Succession,  and  promised  to  expel 
the  Stuart  Pretender  and  to  dismantle  Dunkirk. 

C.  England  received  Gibraltar  and  Minorca  from  Spain 
and  Acadia  from  France  :  her  sovereignty  in  Newfoundland 
(subject  to  certain  fishing  rights)  and  Hudson's  Bay  recog- 
nized :  the  Protestant  succession  in  the  line  of  Hanover 
acknowledged  :  and  by  an  Assiento  she  obtained  certain 
rights  of  commerce  with  Spanish  South  America. 

D.  The  Emperor  Charles  VI  received  the  Catholic  Nether- 
lands, subject  to  an  arrangement  with  the  Dutch,  Naples, 
Sardinia  and  the  Milanese,  together  with  Mantua,  whose 
last  Gonzaga  duke  had  died  in  1708. 

E.  The  creation  of  the  Electorate  of  Hanover  (1692)  rec- 
ognized by  the  powers. 


—  62  — 

F.  The  Elector  of  Bavaria  and  the  Elector  Archbishop  of 
Cologne,  Prince  Joseph  Clement  of  Bavaria,  restored  to  their 
dominions. 

G.  The  title  of  the  King  of  Prussia  recognized,  and  he  re- 
ceived Upper  Gelderland  as  heir  of  the  Prince  of  Orange. 

H.  The  Dutch  have  the  closing  of  the  Scheldt  to  com- 
merce and  their  right  to  garrison  the  eight  ' '  barrier  fort- 
resses "  in  the  Catholic  Netherlands — Charleroi,  Furnes, 
Ghent,  Menin,  Mons,  Namur,  Tournay  and  Ypres — con- 
firmed. 

I.  Victor  Amadeus  II  had  the  cessions  of  Alessandria, 
Valenza,  the  Val  Sesia  and  the  lyomelline,  granted  in  1703, 
and  of  Casale  and  Montferrat,  granted  in  1707  from  the 
duchy  of  Mantua,  confirmed,  and  received  Sicily,  with  the 
title  of  King  of  Sicily. 

J.  The  Catalans  abandoned. 

Importance  of  the  Treaties  of  Utrecht :  comparison  with 
the  Treaties  of  Westphalia  :  its  most  notable  points  :  France 
left  upon  the  Rhine  and  in  close  alliance  with  Spain, 
England  shows  further  development  in  the  direction  of  com- 
merce and  colonies,  the  dominions  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg 
become  nominally  larger  but  really  more  unwieldy  and  less 
German,  Prussia  takes  a  step  in  advance  among  the  nations 
in  becoming  a  kingdom,  and  the  House  of  Savoy  also  becomes 
a  kingdom  with  the  most  powerful  interests  in  Italy. 

The  doctrine  of  the  Balance  of  Power  in  the  Treaties  of 
Utrecht :  neglect  of  the  Principle  of  Nationality. 

Authorities  :  Most  of  the  general  and  diplomatic  secondary  au- 
thorities  cited   under   Lecture  XXIII  devote   much   space   to   the 
Treaties    of    Utrecht.     Good   special  volumes  have  been  written  by      ^l  -^ 
^Giraud,  Le  traite  d'Utrecht  and^lVeder,  Der  Friede  von  Utrecht*       ^ 
and  a  primary  authority  of  importance  is  Torcy  Memoires. 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  Library  ] 


-63  — 
LECTURE  XXV 


GERMANY  IN  1715. 

Comparison  between  the  condition  of  Germany  after  the 
Treaties  of  Utrecht  and  the  Treaties  of  Westphaha. 

The  Holy  Roman  Empire  :  constant  election  of  the  chief 
of  the  House  of  Austria  to  be  Emperor  owing  to  the  votes  he 
commanded  as  the  leading  Catholic  power  :  decreasing  influ- 
ence of  the  Emperors  in  German  affairs  :  the  perpetual  capit- 
ulation :  changes  in  the  constitution  of  the  Empire.  /.  Rec- 
ognition of  Prussia  as  a  kingdom  :  the  Emperor  Leopold 
agrees  to  give  the  Elector  Frederick  of  Brandenburg  the  title 
of  King  of  Prussia,  as  Prussia  is  a  state  independent  of  the 
Empire,  in  return  for  assistance  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession  :  the  other  powers  of  Europe  recognize  the  title 
by  the  Treaties  of  Utrecht :  as  a  member  of  the  Empire  he 
remains  Elector  of  Brandenburg  :  ii.  College  of  Electors  : 
the  Emperor  Leopold  makes  the  Duke  of  Hanover  an  Elec- 
tor (1692),  at  the  vsame  time  restoring  the  full  electoral 
powers  to  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia  :  opposition  of  the  other 
Electors  and  of  the  Princes  of  the  Empire  :  league  formed 
against  the  new  electorate  ( 1 700)  :  the  Emperor  promises  to 
make  no  further  electorates  without  the  consent  of  the 
Empire  (1706)  :  electorate  of  Hanover  accepted  by  the  Diet 
(1710)  :  Hi.  College  of  Princes:  the  Emperor's  right  to 
create  new  princes  limited  (1654)  •  settlement  of  the  "col- 
legiate ' '  votes  :  creation  of  new  princes  made  still  more  dif- 
ficult and  dependent  on  the  consent  of  the  Electoral  College, 
the  Princely  College,  and  his  Bench  (171 1)  :  growth  of  the 
custom  of  primogeniture  and  its  effect  on  the  votes  which 
accumulate :  exception  of  Saxony :  iv.  College  of  Free 
Cities  :  its  decay  owing  to  the  falling  off  in  the  prosperity  of 
the  cities  :  only  the  three  Hansa  cities  remained  powerful : 
conquest  of  Miinster  by  Bishop  Galen  (1661),  of  Erfurt  by 
the  Elector  of  Mayence  (1664),  of  Magdeburg  by  the  Elector 


-64- 

of  Brandenburg  (1666),  of  Brunswick  by  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick (1671)  and  seizure  of  Strasburg  by  lyouis  XIV  (1681)  : 
general  tendency  of  the  Free  Cities  to  dechne  in  importance  : 
V.  The  Imperial  Diet  :  its  policy  after  it  becomes  perpetual 
and  occupied  only  by  envoys  :  disputes  about  precedence  :  its 
cumbrous  procedure  :  inefficiency  of  its  military  action  :  vi. 
The  Imperial  Chamber  :  its  seat  moved  from  Spires,  after  the 
burning  of  that  city  by  the  French  in  the  devastation  of  the 
Palatinate  in  1689,  to  Wetzlar  in  1691  :  quarrels  among  the 
assessors  :  the  Chamber  dissolves  (1700)  :  its  reorganization  : 
vii.  The  Aulic  Council :  its  claim  to  deal  with  cases  concern- 
ing States  :  viii.  The  religious  question  :  the  application  of 
the  doctrine  "  citjus  regio,  ejus  religio  "  :  failure  of  the  mod- 
ifications arranged  by  the  Treaties  of  Westphalia :  the 
persecution  of  the  Protestants  in  the  Palatinate  :  ix.  The 
question  of  Coinage :  agreement  made  between  Saxony, 
Brandenburg  and  Brunswick  at  Zinna  (1667)  and  at  I^eipzig 
(1690)  :  X.  The  Gregorian  Calendar  adopted  by  the  Pro- 
testant States  by  a  Decree  of  the  Diet  ( 1 700) . 

The  House  of  Austria  :  additional  dominions  gained  by  the 
Treaties  of  Utrecht,  no  additional  strength  :  the  more  valua- 
ble gains  of  the  Treaty  of  Carlowitz  in  Hungary  and  Tran- 
sylvania tend  to  turn  its  policy  still  more  towards  the  Bast  : 
internal  administration  :  the  rebellion  of  Francis  Rakoczy 
(1703)  :  the  short  reign  of  Joseph  I  (i 705-171 1)  :  his  con- 
cessions to  the  Hungarians  and  consequent  overthrow  of 
Rakoczy  *:  his  concessions  to  the  Protestants  of  Silesia  at  the 
request  of  Charles  XII  of  Sweden  :  his  penal  code  and  the 
promises  of  his  reign  :  the  Emperor  Charles  VI  and  his 
views  on  internal  government. 

The  House  of  PrUvSsia  :  the  aims  of  Frederick  III,  Elector 
of  Brandenburg  ( 1 688-1 713)  to  become  a  king  and  to  increase 
his  dominions  :  his  character  :  his  policy,  i.  His  foreign 
policy  :  he  pursues  the  ideas  of  the  Great  Elector  :  he  joins 
the  I^eague  of  Augsburg  (1688)  and  sends  15,000  men  to 
serve  under  William  III  against  France  (1691-99)  :  he  sends 
6000  men  to  assist  the  Emperor  against  the  Turks  (1691^99)  : 


-65- 

he  sends  26,000  men  to  serve  through  the  War  of  the  Span- 
ish Succession  (1702-13)  :  his  conduct  in  the  Northern  War 
(see  I^ecture  XXII)  :  his  propositions  to  Peter  the  Great  for 
a  partition  of  Poland  :  ii.  His  arrangements  for  the  title  of 
king  :  he  promises  aid  in  the  War  of  Spanish  Succession,  to 
excuse  the  Emperor's  debts  to  him,  to  vote  for  an  Austrian 
prince  for  Emperor,  and  only  to  use  his  title  as  Elector  in 
the  Imperial  Diet :  he  crowns  himself  at  Konigsberg  as 
Frederick  I,  King  of  Prussia  (18  Jan.,  1701)  :  importance  of 
this  step  for  the  future  of  his  House  :  the  title  recognized  by 
the  Treaties  of  Utrecht :  Hi.  His  territorial  policy  :  he  re- 
stores Schwebus  to  Austria  (see  Lecture  XVIII)  without 
abandoning  his  claims  on  Silesia  (1694)  *  ^^  buys  Nord- 
hausen  of  the  Elector  of  Saxony  (1697)  •  ^^  takes  possession 
of  Elbing  in  Polish  Prussia  (1703)  :  he  seizes  Moeurs  and 
lyingen  as  heir  of  William  III  ( 1 702 )  and  takes  possession 
of  Gelders,  which  is  granted  to  Prussia  by  the  Treaties  of 
Utrecht  instead  of  Orange  :  he  is  elected  Prince  of  Neufchatel 
(1707)  and  purchases  the  county  of  Tecklenburg  :  iv.  His 
internal  policy  :  he  follows  the  lines  of  the  Great  Elector  and 
prepares  the  way  for  Frederick  William  I. 

Accession  of  Frederick  William  I  (25  Feb.,  1713)  :  by 
Treaties  of  Utrecht  his  royal  title  is  recognized  and  his  pos- 
session of  Neufchatel  and  Gelders  :  he  inherits  the  county 
of  Limburg  :  he  occupies  Stettin  and  Wismar  in  sequestration 
during  the  war  against  Sweden. 

Other  states  of  Germany  :  /.  Electoral  Saxony  :  division 
made  on  the  death  of  John  George  I  (1656)  :  its  prosperity 
sacrificed  to  the  Polish  policy  of  Augustus  I  (see  Lecture 
XXII)  :  when  elected  King  of  Poland  (1697)  ^^  became  a 
Catholic,  but  was  yet  allowed  to  remain  the  Director  of  the 
Protestant  party  in  the  Diet,  his  change  of  faith  being  per- 
sonal and  not  political :  by  a  convention  (1700)  religious 
matters  were  left  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Weissenfels.  //. 
Ducal  Saxony  :  the  rule  of  Duke  Ernest  the  Pious  of  Saxe- 
Gotha  :  great  division  made  ( 1 680)  but  no  more  votes  al- 
lowed to  the  House.     Hi.  Bavaria  :  Ferdinand  Maria,  Elect- 


—  66  — 

or  (1651-79)  ;  he  refuses  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  E^mpire 
(1657)  :  quarrels  with  the  Elector  Palatine  about  the  Vicari- 
ate of  the  Empire:  Maximilian  Emmanuel,  Elector  (1679- 
1726)  :  candidature  of  his  son,  the  Electoral  Prince,  for  the 
throne  of  Spain  :  he  joins  Louis  XIV  in  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession  :  his  campaigns  in  the  Tyrol :  he  is  put 
to  the  ban  of  the  Empire,  and  from  the  battle  of  Blenheim  in 
•1704  to  1 7 14  Bavaria  is  administered  by  the  Emperors:  he 
acts  as  Governor-General  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands  under 
Charles  II  from  1692  to  1701,  and  again  under  Philip  V 
from  1 702  until  he  is  driven  out  after  the  battle  of  Ramillies 
( J  706)  :  restored  to  his  dominions  by  the  treaty  of  Rastadt : 
condition  of  Bavaria  under  Austrian  rule.  iv.  The  Palatinate : 
the  last  Protestant  Electors  of  the  HouSe  of  Simmern,  Charles 
Louis  I  (1648-80)  and  Charles  Louis  II  (1680-85)  :  Charles 
Louis  I  joins  the  league  against  Louis  XIV  (1672)  :  devasta- 
tion of  the  Palatinate  by  Turenne  (1675)  :  the  quCvStion  of  the 
succession  (1685)  :  the  claims  of  Louis  XIV  :  Philip  William 
of  Neuburg  succeeds  :  fresh  devastation  of  the  Palatinate  by 
Durais  (1689)  :  destruction  of  Heidelberg,  Mannheim,  Spires, 
etc  :  accession  of  John  William  ( 1 69 1 )  :  his  ardent  Catholi- 
cism :  persecution  of  the  Protestants  :  extensive  emigration  : 
Philip  William  pays  300,000  scudi  (a  scudo  at  this  time  al- 
most equalled  a  dollar)  to  Louis  XIV  to  compensate  for  his 
claims  :  his  internal  government :  he  moves  his  capital  from 
Heidelberg  to  Mannheim  (1720).  v.  Hanover:  character 
and  career  of  Ernest  Augustus,  4th  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick-LiihebUrg,  and  first  Elector  of  Hanover :  his 
reputation  as  a  statesman  and  a  soldier  :  he  makes  peace  be- 
tween England  and  the  Dutch  (1667)  :  he  becomes  William 
Ill's  chief  German  ally,  and  his  intermediary  with  Branden- 
burg and  the  Emperor  :  he  takes  the  title  of  Duke  of  Hano- 
ver (1679):  he  helps  to  form  the  League  of  Augsburg 
(1688),  and  is  made  Elector  of  Hanover  (1692)  :  his  share 
in  the  Treaty  of  Ryswick :  he  establishes  primogeniture 
in  his  family  :  his  death  (1697)  •  the  Elector  George  I  :  his  in- 
creased importance  in  German  affairs  after  being  recognized 


^- 


—  67- 

as  heir  to  the  crown  of  England  (1701)  :  he  unites  the 
Duchy  of  Zell  ( 1 705 )  :  his  poHcy  :  his  territorial  importance 
between  Brandenburg  and  the  United  Provinces  :  his  attitude 
to  France  and  the  Emperor  :  admitted  to  the  Diet  as  an 
Elector  (17 10)  :  acknowledged  as  heir  to  England  by  the 
Treaties  of  Utrecht  (17 13)  :  death  of  the  Electress  Sophia 
(8  June,  1714)  :  he  succeeds  Queen  Anne  in  England  (i 
Aug.,  1 7 14).  vi.  The  ecclesiastical  electors  and  princes  of 
the  Empire  :  methods  of  their  government :  restrained  by 
the  capitulations  made  "with  them  at  their  election  by  the 
chapters  :  the  powxr  of  the  chapters  :  large  sums  paid  to  the 
popes. 

The  petty  princes  of  Germany  :  their  imitation  of  I^ouis 
XIV  in  their  absolutism,  in  refusing  to  summon  or  consult 
their  Estates  or  Diets,  in  their  extravagance,  and  in  their 
court  ceremonials. 

Authorities  :     For  the  condition  of  Germany  in  1715  in  addition  to 
works  hke  those  of  Leget^,  cited  under  Lecture  IX  deaUng  with  gen- 
eral history, see  Biedermann  Deutschland  ini  achtzehnten  Jahrhundert : 
Vol.  i,  Deutschlands  politische,  materielle  und  sociale  Zustande  ;  for 
the  Empire  see  Pi'itter,  Historical  Development  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  Germanic  Empire,   translated  by  Dornford,  vol.  ii  :  for  Austria ;  \ 
¥Krones,   Handbuch   der    Geschichte    CEsterreichs,    5   vols.,  "^oxe,    0 
History  of  the  House  of  Austria,  4  vols.,  and  ^Bidennann  Geschichte 
der  Q^sterreichischen  Gesammt-Staats-Idee  ;  for  Prussia,  in  addition 
to  the  general  works  cited  under   lyccture  XVIII,  Ledebur,   Konig 
Friedrich  I  von  Preussen,   Waddington,  I^' Acquisition  de  la  Couronne 
royale de  Prusse  paries  Hohenzollern,  Varnhagen  van Ense,  Leben  der    'Cs,^ 
Konigin  Sophie  Charlotte,  3  vols.,  bourgeois,  Neufch^tel  et  la  poli-    , 
tique  prussienne  d«  17^9  a- 17^3-,  oxi^Lavisse^  Etudes  sur  I'histoire  de   ^ 

for  Electoral  Saxony  Bottiger,  Geschichte  des  Kurstaates  und 
Konigreichs  Sachsen,  3  vols.;  for  Ducal  Saxony  Gelbke,  Herzog  Ernst ^^^-""^ 
der  Erste  genannt  der  Fromme  and  *Beck,  Ernst  der  Fromme  ;  for  u  / 

Bavaria  Schfeiber,  Geschichte  Bayerns,  2  vols.  ;;  and  for  Hanover 
Kocher,  Memoiren  der  Kurfiirstin  Sophie  von  Hannover,  Leibnitz, 
Correspondance  avec  I'electrice  Sophie,  vols.  7-9  of  his  Werke,  and 
Spittler,  Geschichte  des  Fiirstenthums  Hannover  in  vols.  6  and  7  of 
his  Sammtliche  Werke. 

[Books  marked  with  a  *  are  not  in  the  University  I,ibrary.] 


68  — 


LECTURE    XXVI. 


THE  SOUTHERN  COUNTRIES  OF  EUROPE  IN  1715. 

Decreasing  naval  importance  of  the  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries :  the  commerce  of  the  Levant  passes  to  the  Dutch  and 
the  EngHsh  :  after  the  loss  of  Candia,  Venice  becomes  an 
Adriatic  instead  of  a  Mediterranean  power  :  injury  inflicted 
by  the  Barbary  corsairs  :  efforts  of  Louis  XIV  to  become 
master  of  the  Mediterranean :  the  Dutch  and  English  fleets 
in  that  sea  :  significance  of  the  capture  of  Gibraltar  by  the 
English  (.1704)  :  the  English  become  the  preponderating 
naval  power  in  the  Mediterranean  by  the  cession  of  Gibraltar 
and  Minorca  (17 13). 

The  Turkish  power  after  the  Treaty  of  Carlowitz  (1699) 
(see  Lecture  XX)  •  the  reign  of  Mustapha  II  (1695-1703)  : 
his  military  disasters  compensated  by  his  naval  successes  over 
the  Venetians  :  while  surrendering  the  Adriatic  to  Venice 
and  Hungary,  except  the  Banat,  to  the  Emperor,  the  Turks 
retained  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago  :  Hussain  Kiuprili, 
Grand  Vizier  (1697-1702)  :  he  endeavors  to  reorganize  the 
Turkish  army  and  navy  :  he  reduces  Bussora,  pacifies  North 
Africa,  and  regulates  Turkish  authority  in  Arabia :  the 
Turks  begin  to  be  influenced  by  European  ideas  and  to  trans- 
late European  books  :  revolt  of  the  Janissaries  and  overthrow 
of  Mustapha  II  (1703)  :  early  years  of  the  reign  of  Ahmad 
III  (1703-30)  :  he  announces  his  accession  to  the  Christian 
powers :  Charles  XII  of  Sweden  induces  the  Sultan  to  attack 
Russia  (see  Lecture  XXI)  :  the  Treaty  of  the  Pruth  (11 
July,  171 1 )  :  the  government  of  the  Danubian  Provinces, 
Wallachia  and  Moldavia. 

Italy  during  the  half  century  before  the  Treaties  of  Utrecht. 
(See  Lecture  XIV.) 

I.  The  Popes  abandon  the  territorial  aggrandisement  of  the 
States  of  the  Church  :  their  attitude  towards  the  Catholic 
powers,  and  particularly  towards  Austria,  France  and  Spain  : 


-.  69  — 

loss  of  their  political  influence  :  Clement  IX — Rospigliosi— 
1667-70:  his  friendly  relations  with  France:  Clement  X — 
Altieri — 1670-76:  he  makes  Quebec  a  bishopric  (1676): 
Innocent  XI — Odescalchi — 1676-89  :  his  endeavors  to  reform 
abuses  :  his  abandonment  of  nepotism  :  his  quarrels  with 
Ivouis  XIV  (see  I^ectures  XVI,  XIX)  :  Alexander  VIII— 
Ottoboni — 1689-91  :  he  makes  peace  with  Louis  XIV  :  In- 
nocent XII — Pignatelli — 1 691-1700:  his  economy  and  up- 
rightness :  his  attitude  towards  France  :  Clement  XI — Albani 
— 1700-21  :  his  attitude  on  the  Spanish  Succession  :  he  is 
forced  to  recognize  the  Archduke  Charles  :  he  issues  the  bull 
"  Unigenitus "  (1713)  :  action  of  the  Papacy  during  this 
period-  towards  the  Jansenists,  the  Jesuits  and  the  Quietists. 
(See  Lecture  XXVII). 

II.  Kingdom  of  Naples :  its  welcome  to  the  Archduke 
Charles  (1707):  he  promises  to  observe  its  local  rights: 
separated  from  Sicily  by  the  Treaties  of  Utrecht  (1713)  and 
given  to  the  House  of  Austria. 

III.  Kingdom  of  Sicily  :  given  to  Victor  Amadeus  II, 
Duke  of  Savoy,  by  the  Treaties  of  Utrecht :  he  is  crowned 
at  Palermo  (24  Dec,  17 13)  :  the  character  of  Victor  Ama- 
deus II  :  growth  of  the  House  of  Savoy  by  his  policy  :  he  ac- 
quires Alessandria,  etc.,  (1703),  Montferrat  and  Casale 
(1707)  and  the  restoration  of  Savoy  and  Nice  (1713)  :  he 
marries  his  two  daughters  to  two  grandsons  of  Louis  XIV, 
to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  father  of  Louis  XV,  and  to  Philip 
V  of  Spain  :  his  internal  policy  :  his  encouragement  of  pub- 
lic works  :  his  code  of  laws  :  his  quarrel  with  Pope  Clement 
XI :  he  taxes  ecclesiastical  property. 

IV.  Northern  Duchies  :  the  reign  of  Cosmo  III,  the  last 
Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  of  the  line  of  Medici  (1670-1723)  : 
he  pays  large  siims  to  remain  neutral  during  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession :  bad  management  of  his  duchy  and 
misery  of  his  people  :  Francesco,  Duke  of  Parma,  remains 
neutral  during  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  but 
Rainaldo,  Duke  of  Modena,  takes  part  in  it  and  obtains  the 
Duchy  of  Mirandola  from  the  Emperor  :  the  Duchy  of  Man- 


—  70  — 

tua  is  divided  by  adding  Mantua  to  Milan  arid  giving  Mont- 
ferrat  to  Savoy  in  1707  by  the  Emperor,  because  Charles  IV 
Gonzaga  supported  Louis  XIV  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession,  but  a  small  district  is  given  to  the  Duke  of  Guas- 
talla  :  Milan  and  Mantua  granted  to  the  Emperor  by  the 
Treaties  of  Utrecht  (17 13). 

V.  Venice  :  her  success  under  Morosini  in  the  war  against 
the  Turks  :  by  the  Treaty  of  Carlowitz  the  Republic  obtains 
the  Morea,  the  Ionian  Islands  and  Dalmatia,  and  becomes 
the  preponderant  power  on  the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  :  close 
alliance  formed  between  the  Emperor  and  the  Venetians. 

Spain  :  the  reign  of  Charles  II  (1665-1700)  :  the  regency 
of  the  queen-mother,  Donna  Marianna  (1665-75)  •  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pere  Nithard  (1665-69)  :  he  is  forced  to  retire 
by  Don  John:  the  king  declared  of  age  (1675)  :  the  gov- 
ernment of  Don  John  (1675-79)  :  Spain  loses  French  Flan- 
ders and  Franche  Comte  by  the  Treaty  of  Nymwegen 
(1678)  :  the  influence  of  the  first  wife  of  Charles  II,  Marie 
Louise  of  Orleans  (1679-89)  :  her  quarrels  with  her  mother- 
in-law  :  influence  of  his  second  wife,  Marianna  of  Neuburg, 
exercised  in  favor  of  Austria  :  Spain  is  invaded  by  the 
French  (1694-97),  but  loses  nothing  by  the  Treaty  of  Rys- 
wyck  (1697)  :  intrigues  for  the  Spanish  Succession,  and  the 
partition  treaties  :  part  played  by  Charles  II :  the  influence 
of  Porto  Carrero  outweighs  that  of  the  queen,  and  the  king 
leaves  his  dominions  to  Philip,  Duke  of  Anjou  :  steady  de- 
cline of  Spanish  power  and  prosperity. 

The  reign  of  Philip  V  :  his  reception  in  Spain  :  he  falls 
under  the  influence  of  his  wife  Marie  Gabrielle  of  Savoy, 
who  is  controlled  by  the  Princess  Orsini  or  Des  Ursins  :  the 
War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  in  Spain  :  Philip  V  twice 
driven  from  Madrid  :  the  Spaniards  rally  around  him  :  he 
devotes  himself  to  his  new  countrj^  :  by  the  Treaties  of 
Utrecht  Spain  loses  her  continental  possessions  as  well  as 
Gibraltar  and  Minorca  :  death  of  the  queen  (14  Feb.,  17 14)  : 
influence  and  character  of  Madame  des  Ursins. 

Portugal :  the  reign  of  Pedro  II   (i 685-1 706)  :  the  signa- 


ii.  Si'yu'i.  cUl  le^  cC  y'l^^y^i  CiA^tMa  %. 


—  71  — 

ture  of  the  Methuen  Treaty  (27  Dec,  1703)  with  England  : 
its  results  :  part  taken  by  Portugal  in  the  War  of  the  Span- 
ish Succession  :  accession  of  John  V  (1706). 

Authofitied  :  For  the  Turks  see  the  books  cited  for  Lecture  XIII ; 
for  Italy,  the  books  cited  for  Lecture  XIV  with  ^^ichaud,  Louis  XIV 
et  Innoceut  XI,  4  vols^;  for  Spain,  Dunhant,  *  Weiss,  ^Dunlop  and 
Mignety  cited  under  Lecture  XV,  ^Reynald,  ^Landau,  Legrelle^^Hip- 
peau,  Baudrillart,^Stanhope,  ^Parnell,  Ramhut-eati,  Louville  and  Ber^ 
wick,  with  Coxe,  Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  Spain  of  the  House  of  Bour- 
bon, vols.  I,  2,  Alexander  Stanhope,  Spain  Under  Charles. II,  1690-99, 
SCovtbes,  La  Princesse,des  Ursins,  the  Correspondence  qvcc  Madame 
de  Maintenon.  and  thd^Tettres  in^dites  of  the  Princesse  des  Ursins,  and 
[TeM^tnoires  of  Saint-Simon. 

2<r*-c<*.  [^3ooks  marked  with  a  *  are  liOi  in  the  University  L,ibrary.J 


1.ECTURE    XXVII 


THE  PAPACY  IN  THE  17TH  CENTURY:  THE  JESUITS 
AND  THE  JANSENISTS. 

The  spiritual  power  of  the  Papacy  in  the  17th  century,  as 
opposed  to  its  political  and  territorial  power. 

Gradual  decline  in  the  spiritual  power  to  be  observed  in 
the  first  half  of  the  17th  century,  the  Age  of  the  Thirty 
Years'  War,  when  political  considerations  were  becoming 
paramount  over  religious  considerations  :  more  rapid  decline 
during  the  latter  half  of  the  century,  when  Catholic  mon- 
archs,  like Xouis  XIV  openly  quarrelled  with  the  Pope,  and 
tried  to  check  his  spiritual  authority. 

The  effect  of  the  Counter- Reformation  on  the  position  of 
the  Papacy  :  its  chief  agents  the  Jesuits  :  with  the  decline  of 
the  Jesuits  from  their  original  energy  the  Counter- Reforma- 
tion dies  away. 

The  main  lines  of  the  work  of  the  Jesuits  :  i.  Education  : 
success  of  their  method  of  teaching  :  their  colleges  and  uni- 
versities :  they  control  higher  education  in  Catholic  countries  : 


—  72  — 

ii,  'The  Confessional :  they  become  the  confessors  of  kings 
and  statesmen  :  Pere  I^a  Chaise  and  Pere  Le  Tellier  :  Hi. 
Missions.  A.  Among  the  Protestants  :  their  work  in  Eng- 
land, Sweden  and  Poland.  B.  Among  the  heathen :  in 
Asia,  in  India  and  China :  in  America,  in  Canada  and  Para- 
guay. 

The  decline  in  Jesuit  energy  after  the  death  of  General 
Acquaviva  (1615)  :  the  generalship  of  Muzio  Vitelleschi 
(1615-45)  :  "  professed  "  members  begin  to  accept  offices  of 
power :  education  ceases  to  be  generally  free  :  devotion  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  Society  takes  the  place  of  devotion  to 
the  Papacy:  limitation  of  the  general's  power  (1661)  :  the 
Society  becomes  interested  in  commerce :  its  commercial 
centre  at  Lisbon  :  the  Society  supports  absolutism  against  the 
Papacy  :  it  supports  I^ouis  XIV  against  Innocent  XI  :  it 
opposes  the  Jansenist  influence  :  Pere  lya  Chaise  and  Arch- 
bishop Harlay  of  Paris  :  Innocent  XI  and  Alexander  VIII 
endeavor  to  check  the  power  of  the  Society  and  even  forbid 
its  admitting  novices  :  Clement  XI  condemns  its  practices  in 
foreign  missions  in  Asia  (17 15). 

The  Jesuit  theology  :  the  adoption  of  ' '  free  will ' '  doc- 
trines :  the  Dominicans  quarrel  with  them  for  differing  from 
St.  Thomas  Aquinas  :  growth  of  causistry  :  its  application  to 
politics  and  the  result :  to  private  life  :  the  Lettres  Provmciales 
of  Pascal  and  its  effect  :  it  kills  scholastic  morality  :  the  theo- 
logical distinction  between  the  Jesuits  and  the  Jansenists  : 
Pere  Le  Tellier  and  Archbishop  Noailles  of  Paris  :  after  the 
issue  of  the  bnll  Unige?iitus  the  Jesuits  rally  to  the  Papacy 
and  become  Ultramontane. 

The  Jansenists  :  their  doctrines  a  reaction  against  the  the- 
ology of  the  Jesuits  :  their  nickname  of  Catholic  Puritans  : 
the  Augustinus  of  Cornelius  Jansen,  Bishop  of  Ypres,  pub- 
lished after  his  death  in  1640  :  its  theological  views  :  the 
doctrines  of  grace,  sin  and  forgiveness  :  its  rapid  success, 
even  among  priests  and  bishops,  but  still  more  among  the 
educated  laity,  of  France  and  the  Catholic  Netherlands  :  Du- 
vergier.  Abbe  de  Saint-Cyran  :  his  application  of  Jansenist 
views  to  life  :  his  influence  on  Angelique  Arnauld  :  Port  Roy- 


—  73  — 

al :  his  imprisonment  by  Richelieu  (1638-42)  :  the  Jansen- 
ists  impHcated  in  the  Fronde  :  their  quarrel  with  the  Jesuits  : 
Port  Royal  becomes  the  home  of  moral  and  intellectual  France  : 
the  influence  exerted  by  Arnauld,  Nicole,  lycmaitre  de  Sacy, 
Pascal  and  Racine  :  the  publication  of  the  Port  Royal  educa- 
tional works  :  influence  possessed  by  the  Jansenists  in  France. 

First  struggle  with  the  Papacy  (1642-69)  :  Urban  VIII 
condemns  generally  the  Augustinus  (1642)  :  the  "  five  prop- 
ositions ' '  declared  heretical  by  the  bull  I?i  Occasione,  issued 
by  Innocent  X  (31  May,  1653)  :  Arnauld  denies  that  the 
* '  five  propositions ' '  are  contained  in  the  book  by  Jansen  : 
Alexander  VII  declared  that  they  were  :  the  Jansenist  writ- 
ers deny  the  infallibility  of  the  Pope  in  dealing  with  matters 
of  fact :  lyouis  XIV  imprisons  De  Sacy  and  persecutes  the 
Jansenists,  including  the  nuns  of  Port  Royal  :  Clement  IX 
makes  the  ''  Peace  of  Clement  IX  "  (1668)  when  the  Jansen- 
ists agreed  to  condemn  the  ' '  five  propositions ' '  without 
acknowledging  whether  they  were  contained  in  Jansen 's 
book  or  not. 

In  spite  of  the  King's  dislike  of  them  the  Jansenists  be- 
come more  powerful  in  France,  especially  in  bourgeois  and 
legal  circles. 

Second  struggle  with  the  Papacy  (1702-15)  :  the  Reflexions 
morales  of  Quesnel  and  the  Cas  de  consciejtee  :  Archbishop 
Noailles  exhibits  moderate  Jansenist  opinions  :  he  distin- 
guishes between  human  and  divine  faith  in  the  Pope's  infal- 
libility on  questions  of  fact :  opposition  of  Pere  Le  Tellier, 
the  King's  confessor,  and  the  Jesuits  :  they  appeal  to  Rome  : 
Clement  XI  tries  to  settle  the  question  by  the  bull  Vineam 
Domini  (15  July,  1705)  :  the  nuns  of  Port  Royal  refuse  to 
accept  the  bull :  the  community  suppressed  (11  July,  1709) 
and  Port  Royal  ordered  to  be  destroyed  (22  Jan.,  17 10)  : 
persecution  of  the  Jansenists:  use  of  lettres  de  cachet:  loi 
propositions  from  Quesnel' s  book  condemned  by  the  bull 
Unigenitus  (8  Sept.,  17 13)  :  the  Parlement  of  Paris,  led  by 
D'Aguesseau  declines  to  register  the  bull  as  law  without 
modifications  :  Noailles  and  fifteen  bishops  refuse  to  accept 


-^74  — 

it :  a  council  summoned  to  depose  them  :  when  they  were 
saved  by  the  death  of  Louis  XIV. 

The  Quietists  :  MoHnos  and  his  doctrines  :  condemned  by 
Pope  Innocent  XII  (1687)  :  Madame  Guy  on  :  her  mysticism  : 
her  relations  with  Fenelon  :  controversy  between  Bossuet 
and  Fenelon  :  Innocent  XII  condemns  Vkn^ovC s  Explications 
dcs  Maximes  des  Saints  (1699)  :  Louis  XIV  and  his  attitude 
towards  the  Quietists. 

Marie  Alacoque  (1647-90)  and  the  worship  of  the  Sacred 
Heart :  the  Abbe  de  Ranee  and  the  monastery  of  La  Trappe. 
Authorities  :  For  an  account  in  English  of  the  Jansenist  movement 
see  Beard,  Port  Royal,  2  vols.  Among  skcond  ary  authorities  consult 
Cretineau-Joly,  Histoire  religieuse,  politique  et  litt^raire  de  la  com- 
pagnie  de  Jesus,  6  vols.,  ^'Sainte-Beuvey  Port  Royal,  7  vols.,  Reuchlin, 
Geschichte  von  Port  Royal,  2  vols.,  Soyres  The  Provincial  Letters  of 
Pascal,  Victor  Consist,  Jacqueline  Pascal,  Lafitau,  Histoire  de  la  Con- 
stitution Unigenitus,  ^/j»-^/c»z£/,  MolinostheQuietist,lG'7//?rr?Vr,  Madame  ; 
Guyon,  sa  vie,  sa  doctrine  et  son  influence,  Matter,  Le  Mysticisme 
en  France  an  temps  de  Fenelon,  Baicsset,  Histoire  de  Bossuet,  4  vols., 
and  Histoire  de  Fenelon,  4  vols.,  Rkatime,  Histoire  de  Bossuet,  3  vols., 
"^ Phelipeau^  Relation  de  I'origine,  du  progres  et  de  la  condamnation 
du  Quietisme,  with  the  works  of  '^Arnauld,  Pascal,  Bossuet  and  Fen- 
elon. 

[Books  marked  with  an  *  are  not  in  the  University  lyibfary.] 


LECTURE    XXVIII. 


THE  LAST  YEARS  OF  THE  REIGN  OF  LOUIS  XIV: 
FRANCE  IN  1715. 

The  government  of  France  during  the  last  thirty  years  of 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIV  influenced  by  Madame  de  Maintenon  : 
but  carried  on  by  the  King  in  spite  of  his  decreasing  powers 
and  increasing  belief  in  himself  :  he  devotes  himself  more 
and  more  to  foreign  politics  and  the  question  of  Spanish  Suc- 
cession ,  leaving  internal  administration  to  his  ministers  who 
inherit  the  offices  of  Colbert  and  Lou  vols  without  their  ability. 

The  change  in  the  King's  character  between  the  Treaty  of 


—  75  — 

Nymwegen  and  the  outbreak  of  war  with  the  League  of  Augs- 
burg :  lyouis  XIV  becomes  moral  and  rehgious  :  the  gaiety 
of  the  Court  disappears  :  it  becomes  more  ceremonious  :  fall- 
ing off  in  the  tone  of  Parisian  society  :  the  poisoning  affairs  : 
Madame  de  Brinvilliers,;:  the  king  is  governed  by  Madame  '^7^ 
de  Maintenon  and  his  confessors  :  the  great  result  of  this 
change  of  character,  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes 
(1685). 

Character  and  position  of  Frangoise  d'Aubigne,  Madame 
de  Maintenon  :  her  previous  career  :  her  rivalry  with  Mad- 
ame de  Montespan  :  she  brings  the  king  and  queen  together  : 
after  the  death  of  the  queen  (1683)  she  is  secretly  married 
to  Ivouis  XIV  :  nature  of  her  influence  at  court :  her  ardent 
zeal  for  the  Catholic  religion,  and  prudery  :  her  difficult  posi- 
tion :  her  foundation  of  Saint  Cyr. 

Character  and  influence  of  Pere  La  Chaise,  confessor  of 
Louis  XIV  (1675-1709)  and  of  his  successor,  PereLe  Tellier 
(1709-15)  :  they  control  the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  the  king 
in  favour  of  the  Jesuits  :  they  demand  the  persecution  of  the  / 
Huguenots  and  the  Jansenists. 

The  ministers  of  the  last  years  of  Louis  XIV  :  their  ina- 
bility to  control  or  oppose  the  King  :  they  act  as  head  clerks 
and  fear  responsibility  :  the  typical  minister  Michel  de  Cham- 
illart :  the  last  ministers  :  Boucherat  (1685-99),  Louis  Phe- 
lypeaux,  Comte  de  Pontchartrain  (1699-17 14)  and  Daniel 
Voysin  (17 14-15),  Chancellors  ;  Torcy  ( 1696-17 15),  foreign 
affairs  ;  Le  Peletier  (1684-89),  Louis,  Comte  de  Pontchartrain 
( 1689-99) ,  Chamillart  ( 1699-1708)  and  Desmarets  ( 1708-15) , 
finances;  Barbezieux  (1691-1701),  Chamillart  (1701-1709) 
and  Daniel  Voysin  (1709-14),  war  ;  Louis,  Comte  de  Pont- 
chartrain (1690-93),  and  Jerome,  Comte  de  Pontchartrain 
(1693-1715),  marine. 

The  French  nation  approves  the  successful  war  of  1688-97 
against  the  League  of  Augsburg,  but  welcomes  the  Treaties 
of  Ryswick  :  general  delight  at  the  acceptance  of  the  Spanish 
Succession  for  the  Duke  of  Anjou  :  "the  Pyrenees  have 
ceased  to  exist ' '  ;  confidence  felt  by  the  people  in  the  success 
of  Louis  XIV. 


-76- 

Surprise  felt  at  the  defeats  of  Blenheim  and  Ramillies  : 
general  discontent  at  the  mismanagement  of  Chamillart :  his 
financial  methods  :  the  creation  and  sale  of  sinecure  offices  : 
Chamillart  made  the  scapegoat  and  succeeded  by  Desmarets, 
the  nephew  of  Colbert  (1708)  :  improvement  of  credit :  Des- 
marets raises  loans  :  the  armies  thus  raised  defeated  :  despair 
of  the  French  people  at  the  defeat  of  Oudenarde. 

The  terrible  winter  of  1 708-1 709  :  general  misery  of  the 
people  :  the  loss  of  Lille  leaves  the  way  open  to  Paris  :  the 
appeal  of  Louis  XIV  to  his  people  on  the  advice  of  Torcy  : 
France  rallies  round  the  king  :  voluntary  gifts  to  the  royal 
treasury  :  melting  down  of  the  royal  plate  :  ladies  contribute 
their  jewelry  :  result  of  the  wave  of  enthusiasm  to  make 
Louis  XIV  persist  in  his  resistance  :  effect  of  the  defeat  of 
Malplaquet :  the  rising  of  Spain  and  the  accession  of  the 
Tory  ministry  in  England  enable  Louis  XIV  to  get  much 
better  terms  at  Utrecht  and  Rastadt  than  had  ever  been  ex- 
pected by  him  :  his  position  at  the  close  of  the  war  :  France 
retains  the  towns  she  had  gained  at  RyvSwick  (1697)  i^  ^^- 
rope,  and  only  loses  Acadia  (Nova  Scotia)  in  North  America. 

Religious  persecution  increased  in  France  during  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession  :  the  suppression  of  the  Camisards 
in  the  Cevennes  ( 1 703-1 705)  :  Le  Tellier  increases  the  King's 
ardour  against  the  Jansenists  :  destruction  of  Port  Royal 
(1710)  :  Louis  XIV' s  indignation  at  the  opposition  made  by 
the  Parlement  of  Paris,  led  by  D'Aguesseau,  to  registering 
the  bull  Unigenitus  :  his  intention  of  deposing  the  bishops, 
who  favoured  Jansenism  :  influence  of  Le  Tellier. 

Last  year  of  Louis  XIV' s  foreign  policy  :  his  intrigues 
with  the  English  Tories  to  secure  the  accession  of  the  Cath- 
olic ' '  Old  Pretender ' '  in  England  :  he  prepares  a  fleet  for 
the  support  of  the  Pretender. 

Bad  effect  of  the  financial  maladministration  :  decline  of 
agricultural,  industrial  and  commercial  prosperity  :  Vauban's 
Dime  Royale. 

Gloom  of  the  Court  during  the  last  years  of  the  life  of 
Louis  XIV  :  contrast  with  its  gay  opening  years  :  death  of 
the  Dauphin,  only  son  of  Louis  XIV  (14  April,  1711) :  his 


k  iro'i<~-  '■ 


c  J 6 


>vKc  /a.  Ka^(-^/vru*i,xiv';j'''VvKv£  fl^^W^^TKA  tii  mM*^iAA' 


—  77  — 

education  by  Bossuet :  his  three  sons  (i)  Louis,  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  educated  by  Fenelon,  died  i8  Feb.,  17 12,  leaving 
an  only  child,  who  succeeded  as  Louis  XV  ;  (2)  Philip,  Duke 
of  Anjou  became  King  of  Spain  as  Philip  V  in  1700;  (3) 
Charles,  Duke  of  Barry,  died  4  May,  1714  :  the  illegitimate 
children  of  Louis  XIV  :  his  fondness  for  them  :  their  posi- 
tion. 

Death  of  Louis  XIV  (i  Sept.,  17 15)  :  effect  of  his  reign 
on  France  and  Europe  :  his  personal  character. 

Louis  XIV  and  Asia  :  the  French  Kast  India  Company  : 
foundation  of  Pondicherry  (1674)  :  embassy  to  Siam  (1685). 

Louis  XIV  and  Ani erica  :  the  development  of  Canada  :  the 
work  of  the  Jesuits  :  the  government  of  Frontenac  :  occupa- 
tion of  Louisiana. 

Authorities  :    Of  the  secondary  authorities  cited  under  Lecture 
XVI   Voltaire,  Bausset,  "^Martin,  and  ^Michel,  of  those  cited  under 
Lecture  XIX  '^Noailles  and  Geffroy,  of  those  cited   under  Lecture 
XXIII  *Moret  and  "^Krohn  are  still  useful,  and  may  be  supplemented 
for  the  light  thrown  on  the  character  of  Madame  de  Maintenon   by 
*  Lavalike,  Histoire  de  la  maison  royale  de  Saint  Cyr,  and  hf^^foycf^rt^ 
Vie  du  Dauphin,  pere  de  Louis  XV,  2  vols^by  ^Lanier,  ii,tndii  his-    ' 
torique  sur  les  relations  de  la  France  et  du  royaume  de  Sianide  1662  a 
1703,  and  by  Parkman,  Count  Frontenac  and  New  France  under  Louis 
XIV,  The  Jesuits  in  America  in  the  ryth  century,  and  Lasalie  and  the 
Discovery  of  the  Great  West.     Among  primary  authorities  on  ad- 
ministration and  finance  Depping,  Boislisle  and  /^9Z/<ra7^//,  cited  under      f— 
Lecture  XVI,  should  be  supplemented  hy  fEsnaull,  Michel  Chamillart; 
correspoudance  et  papiers  inedit^  by  ^''Desmarels,  Memoire  sur  I'ad- 
ministration  des  finances  depuis  le  20  fevrier  1708  jusqu'au  i  septem- 
bre  17 15  and  by  Vauban,  Le  Dime  royale  ;   while  for  the  court  of  Louis 
XIV  and  his  personality  during  the  latter  years  of  his  reign  to  the     (J 
Correspoudance  oi  Madame  de  Mauiteiion,  theLetters  ofXh&^Duchesse     v^ 
d'OrUans,  and  the  Memoires  oif  Madame  de  Caylus,  Choisy  and  Torcy^ 
cited  under  Lecture  XIX,  must  be  added  the  Letters  of  the  "^'Diichesse 
de  Bourgogne,  the  Journal  of  Dangeau,  vols.  7-15,  and  above  all  the 
Memoires  of  the  Due  de  Saint-Simon,  edited  by  Cheruel,  21  vols.:  the 
famous  work  of  Saint-Simon,  however,  must  be  read  with  caution  and 
on  this  subject  reference  may  be  made  tcy^Chkriiel  Saint-Simon  con-    v 
sidere  comme  historien  de  Louis  XIV,  and  to  "^Baschet,  Le  Due  de  -^ 
Saint-Simon,  sou  cabinet  et^es  manuscrits. 

[Books  marked  witVl  a  =^">r«L^«2£in  the  University  library.] 


T-4- 


—  78- 
IvECTURE    XXIX 


LITERATURE  AND  PHIIvOSOPHY  IN  THE  17TH  CENTURY. 

Importance  of  the  i  ytli  century  literature  :  the  literary 
languages  of  Europe  created  :  development  from  the  vStudy 
of  the  classics,  which  characterized  the  Renaissance,  into 
the  use  of  the  vernaculars  :  effect  of  this  literary  movement 
on  the  growth  of  nationalities  :  the  study  of  the  classics  as 
models  continued  :  literature  ceases  to  concern  itself  mainly 
with  religion  and  deals  with  more  sides  of  human  interest. 

Spain  produces  the  first  man  of  letters  of  genius  of  the 
lytli  century:  the  life,  character  and  works  of  Cervantes 
( 1 547-1 6 1 6)  :  Don  Quixote  and  its  effects:  the  Spanish 
drama  :  lyOpe  de  Vega  (1562-1635)  and  Calderon  (1600-87). 

The  Elizabethan  period  of  English  literature  :  Shakespeare 
(1564-16 14)  and  his  contemporaries  and  successors  :  the  En- 
glish drama:  the  growth  of  English  prose:  Bacon  (1561- 
1626). 

Development  of  French  literature  under  Richelieu  and 
Mazarin  :  the  Academic  Frangaise  founded  1635  :  Malherbe 
( 1 555-1 628),  I^a  Rochefoucauld  (1613-80)  :  the  application 
of  literature  to  politics  :  the  Mazarinades  :  journalism  :  the 
rise  of  the  French  drama  :  Pierre  Corneille  (1606-84). 

The  Age  of  I^ouis  XIV  :  the  classic  or  '  *  golden  ' '  age  of 
French  literature  :  what  literature  owed  to  Eouis  XIV,  pat- 
ronage but  not  inspiration  :  the  greatest  writers  of  the  time 
were  born  and  had  begun  to  write  before  Louis  XIV  im- 
pressed his  personality  on  France*:  tragedy:  Racine  C1639- 
99)  :  comedy  :  Moliere  (1622-73)  :  poetry  :  influence  of  clas- 
sicism :  correctness  takes  the  place  of  inspiration  :  Boileau 
(1636-17 11),  the;  critic,  and  his  influence:  development  of 
French  prose  :  Pascal  (1623-62)  :  the  influence  of  Port  Royal : 
Ea  Fontaine  (1621-95)  and  his  Fables  :  La  Bruyere  (1644-96) 
and  his  Characters  :  fiction  :  Mdlle.  de  Scudery  (1607-1701)  : 
Fenelon  (1651-1715):    Telemaque  \    theology    and    history: 


—  79  — 

Bossuet  (1627-1704)  :  the  great  French  preachers,  Bossuet, 
Bourdaloue  (1632-1704)  and  Flechier  (1632-1710)  :  memoir- 
writers  :  Madame  de  Motteville  (1621-gg),  Cardinal  de  Retz 
(1614-79)  and  Saint-Simon  ( 1675- 175 5)  :.  letter- writers  : 
Madame  de  Sevigne  (1626-96). 

Growth  of  taste  for  literature  in  France  !  the  Hotel  de 
Rambouillet  and  the  ' '  precieuses ' '  :  their  successors. 

Tendency  of  later  writers  of  the  Age  of  I^ouis  XIV  to 
fulsome  adulation  of  the  king. 

English  literature  of  the  Puritan  period  :  Milton  (1608-74). 

Influence  of  the  Age  of  lyouis  XIV  on  the  literature  of 
other  countries  :  in  Germany,  French  becomes  the  language 
of  the  courts  and  educated  people  :  consequent  sterility  of 
German  literature  :  in  Italy  much  poetry  on  classical  lines  is 
produced  :  Tassoni  (i  565-1 655),  Guidi  (1650-17 12),  and 
Filicaja  (1642-1707)  :  in  Spain  imitation  of  French  style  also 
produces  sterility  :  in  England  the  literature  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  II  shows  French  influence  :  Dryden  (1631-1701)  : 
Congreve  (i  670-1 729). 

Relation  of  literature  to  philosophy  in  the  17th  century. 

Revolution  effected  in  philosophical  method  by  Bacon 
(1561-1626)  :  Descartes  destroys  the  scholastic  methods (1596- 
1650)  :  the  speculations  of  Spinoza  (1632-77)  :  the  theories 
of  Eeibnitz  (1646-17 16)  ;  the  Monads. 

In  political  philosophy  France  produced  no  great  thinkers  ; 
but  Hobbes  (1588-1680)  and  L,ocke  (1632-1704)  start  the 
lines  of  thought  which  were  to  lead  to  great  results  in  the 
1 8th  century. 

Finally  Grotius  (1583-1646)  and  Puffendorf  (1632-94) 
create  and  develop  international  law. 

Variety  of  the  literary  and  philosophical  movements  of  the 
1 7th  century  ;  their  diverse  characteristics  * 


—  8o  — 


LECTURE    XXX 


ART  AND  SCIENCE  IN  THE  17TH  CENTURY. 

The  revolution  in  thought  and  method  effected  by  Bacon 
and  Descartes  creates  a  new  era  in  science  :  experiments  take 
the  place  of  theories  :  and  the  17th  century  is  marked  by 
many  important  scientific  discoveries  :  on  the  other  hand  art 
tends  to  lose  its  virility  and,  despite  two  painters  of  genius, 
the  art  of  the  17th  century  is  governed  by  classical  conven- 
tions :  and  is  thus  on  an  inferior  level  to  its  condition  during 
the  Renaissance. 

The  Spanish  school  of  painting  :  Velasquez  (i  599-1 660)  : 
Murillo  (1617-82)  :  the  greatness  of  Velasquez. 

The  Flemish  school  of  painting:  Rubens  (i 577-1 640)  : 
Van  Dyck  (i  599-1 641)  :  Teniers  the  elder  (i  582-1 649)  : 
Teniers  the  younger  (1610-85). 

The  Dutch  school  of  painting  :  the  isolated  greatness  of 
Rembrandt  van  Ryn  (1608-69)  •  characteristics  of  the  Dutch 
school:  Gerard  Douw  (1613-80):  Jan  Steen  (1626-79): 
Paul  Potter  (1625-54)  :  Ruysdael  (1630-81)  :  Cuyp  (1606- 
62)  :  Wouverman  (1620-68)  :  Van  der  Velde  (1633-1707). 

The  Italian  school  of  painting  :  its  decline  from  the  great 
days  of  Italian  art  into  sentimentalism  :  Guido  Reni  (1574- 
1642)  :  Sassoferrato  (1605-85)  :  Salvator  Rosa  (1615-73). 

The  French  school  of  painting  :  its  conventionality  :  Pous- 
sin  (1593- 1 67 2)  :  Le  Brun  (1619-90)  :  Claude  Eorraine 
(1600-82).  * 

The  English  school  of  painting  :  devoted  to  portraits  :  in- 
fluence of  Van  Dyck  :  Eely  (1618-80)  :  Kneller  (1648-1723). 

Architecture  dominated  by  classic  ideals  and  styles  :  their 
inappropriateness  :  the  forms  patronized  by  Louis  XIV  are 
adopted  in  other  European  countries. 

The  other  arts  :  absence  of  great  sculptors  :  improvement 
in  engraving  :  classical  style  of  decoration. 


—  8i  — 

Commencement  of  classical  gardening :  the  gardens  of 
Vaux  and  Versailles  :  Le  Notre. 

Music  in  the  lytli  century  :  the  development  of  the  opera 
in  Italy  :  its  popularity  :  melody  cultivated  as  well  as  har- 
mony :  the  Roman  school:  Carissimi  (1582-1672)  :  his 
church  music  :  he  introduces  the  orchestra  into  the  churches  : 
his  cantatas  and  songs:  Scarlatti  ( 1 659-1 725)  :  founder  of 
the  Neapolitan  school :  his  songs  and  operas  :  LuUy  (1633- 
87)  :  develops  the  music  written  for  masques  :  he  becomes 
the  chief  musician  to  I^ouis  XIV  :  his  operas,  ballets  and 
musical  comedies  :  his  services  to  theatrical  music  in  France  : 
association  with  Moliere  and  Quinault  :  music  in  England  : 
Purcell  (1658-95)  :  his  genius.  • 

Bacon  and  Descartes,  by  overtlirowing  old  methods  of 
thinking  and  arguing,  prepare  the  way  for  experimental  sci- 
ence :  scientific  experiments  become  fashionable  :  science  not 
yet  divided  and  differentiated  :  attempts  at  universality  of 
scientific  knowledge  :  lycibnitz  ( 1 646- 1 7 1 6) , 

The  great  mathematicians  :  Napier,  the  inventor  of  loga- 
rithms (1550-16 1 7)  :  Descartes  (i 596-1 650)  and  the  appli- 
cation of  numerical  exponents  to  geometry  :  Pascal  (1623-62) 
and  conic  sections  :  Newton  (1642-1727)  and  the  infinitesi- 
mal calculus  and  mathematical  optics  :  the  Principia  :  Ber- 
nouilli  ( 1 654-1 705)  and  the  application  of  the  calculus. 

The  great  biologists  :  Harvey  and  the  demonstration  of 
the  circulation  of  the  blood  (i 578-1 657)  :  Sydenham  (1624- 
89)  :  Boerhaave  (1668-1738). 

The  great  .  astronomers :  Galileo  (1546- 1642)  and  the 
demonstration  that  the  earth  moves  round  the  sun  :  Kepler 
(157 1- 1 631)  and  the  laws  of  planetary  motion:  Cassini 
(1625-17 1 2)  and  the  measurement  of  the  earth:  Huyghens 
(1629-95)  a.nd  the  discovery  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn  : 
Newton  (i 642-1 727)  and  the  lunar  theory  :  Gregory  (1633- 
75)  and  the  invention  of  the  reflecting  telescope  :  Halley 
(1656- 1 742)  and  eclipses. 

The  great  physicists  :  Galileo  (i  546-1 642)  the  inventor  of 
the  thermometer  and  the  pendulum:   Torricelli  (1608-47) 


—  82  — 

the  inventor  of  the  barometer  :  DevScartes  and  the  law  of  re- 
fraction :  his  theory  of  "  whorls  "  :  Boyle  (1626-91)  and  the 
air  pump :  Huyghens  and  the  pendulum  clock :  Newton 
( 1 642-1 727)  and  the  theory  of  gravitation. 

These  names  and  discoveries  only  indicate  the  progress 
and  first  gains  of  experimental  science  :  the  1 7th  century  was 
in  this  respect  also  the  commencement  of  modern  history. 

Eifect  on  the  material  conditions  of  life  of  the  discoveries 
of  men  of  sfcience :  contrast  between  the  intellectual  and 
material  conditions  of  life  at  the  beginning  and  the  end  of 
the  17th  century. 


APPENDICES 


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§•3 

Elector  -  Arch- 
bishops of 
Treves. 

IvOthar  von 
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(since  1599). 

§1 

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Elector  -  Arch- 
bishops of 
Cologne. 

Ernest  of  Bava- 
ria (since  1583) 

Ferdinand  of 
Bavaria. 

Elector  -  Arch- 
bishops of 
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Wolfgang  von 
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von  Bicken, 
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